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Safety guarantee of polyurethane sponge softener in the construction of large bridges: key technologies for structural stability

admin 3月 1st, 2025 News

Safety guarantee of polyurethane sponge softener in the construction of large bridges: key technologies for structural stability

Introduction

The construction of large bridges is an important part of modern transportation infrastructure, and their structural stability is directly related to the service life and safety of the bridge. With the continuous advancement of materials science, polyurethane sponge softener, as a new material, has gradually shown its unique advantages in bridge construction. This article will discuss its key technical role in large-scale bridge construction from multiple aspects such as the characteristics, product parameters, application scenarios, and safety guarantee mechanisms of polyurethane sponge softener.

1. Characteristics of polyurethane sponge softener

1.1 Material Characteristics

Polyurethane sponge softener is a polymer material with excellent elasticity, wear resistance and anti-aging properties. Its molecular structure contains a large amount of carbamate groups, which allows the material to quickly return to its original state when under stress, thereby effectively absorbing and dispersing stress.

1.2 Physical Characteristics

Features	parameters
Density	0.02-0.05 g/cm³
Elastic Modulus	0.1-0.5 MPa
Tension Strength	0.5-1.5 MPa
Elongation	200-500%
Temperature resistance range	-40? to 120?

1.3 Chemical Characteristics

Polyurethane sponge softener has good chemical stability and can resist the corrosion of chemical substances such as acids, alkalis, and salts. The urethane groups in its molecular structure can also form strong chemical bonds with a variety of materials to enhance the adhesion properties of the materials.

2. Application of polyurethane sponge softener in bridge construction

2.1 Bridge expansion joint

The bridge expansion joint is an important part of the bridge structure and is used to absorb the expansion and contraction deformation caused by temperature changes and vehicle loads. Due to its excellent elasticity and wear resistance, polyurethane sponge softener can effectively fill expansion joints, prevent moisture and impurities from invading, and extend the service life of the bridge.

2.2 Bridge support

Bridge support is a key component connecting the upper and lower structures of the bridge. Its performance directly affects the overall stability of the bridge.. Polyurethane sponge softener can act as a buffer material for the support, effectively absorbing and dispersing the vibration and impact of the bridge, and improving the earthquake resistance of the bridge.

2.3 Bridge waterproof layer

The bridge waterproof layer is an important barrier to prevent moisture from penetrating into the interior of the bridge structure. Polyurethane sponge softener has good waterproofing and adhesion properties, and can form a solid waterproof layer with the bridge structure, effectively preventing the erosion of moisture and chemical substances.

III. Safety guarantee mechanism for polyurethane sponge softener

3.1 Stress dispersion mechanism

Polyurethane sponge softener has excellent elasticity and can quickly return to its original state when the bridge is subjected to stress, thereby effectively absorbing and dispersing stress. This stress dispersion mechanism can significantly reduce the stress concentration of the bridge structure and prevent cracks and deformation of the bridge from excessive stress.

3.2 Vibration absorption mechanism

The bridge will vibrate under the action of vehicle loads and wind loads, and long-term vibration will cause fatigue damage to the bridge structure. Polyurethane sponge softener can act as a buffer material for bridge support, effectively absorbing and dispersing the vibration of bridges and reducing fatigue damage to bridge structures.

3.3 Waterproof and corrosion protection mechanism

Polyurethane sponge softener has good waterproof properties and chemical stability, and can effectively prevent the erosion of moisture and chemical substances. This waterproof and corrosion-proof mechanism can significantly extend the service life of the bridge and improve the safety of the bridge.

IV. Product parameters of polyurethane sponge softener

4.1 Physical parameters

parameters	value
Density	0.02-0.05 g/cm³
Elastic Modulus	0.1-0.5 MPa
Tension Strength	0.5-1.5 MPa
Elongation	200-500%
Temperature resistance range	-40? to 120?

4.2 Chemical Parameters

parameters	value
Acid Resistance	Good
Alkaline resistance	Good
Salt resistance	Good
Adhesion Performance	Excellent

4.3 Application parameters

parameters	value
Applicable temperature	-40? to 120?
Applicable humidity	0-100%
Applicable load	0-1000 kN
Applicable vibration frequency	0-100 Hz

V. Application cases of polyurethane sponge softener

5.1 A large sea-crossing bridge

In the construction of a large sea-span bridge, polyurethane sponge softener is widely used in the buffer materials of bridge expansion joints and support. Through practical application, the expansion joints and support of the bridge show excellent performance, effectively absorbing the expansion deformation and vibration of the bridge, significantly improving the safety and service life of the bridge.

5.2 Expressway bridge in a mountainous area

In the construction of highway bridges in a mountainous area, polyurethane sponge softener is used to construct the bridge waterproof layer. Through practical application, the bridge waterproof layer exhibits excellent waterproof performance and chemical stability, effectively preventing the erosion of moisture and chemical substances, and significantly extending the service life of the bridge.

VI. Future development direction of polyurethane sponge softener

6.1 High performance

As the continuous improvement of material performance requirements for bridge construction, the high performance of polyurethane sponge softener will become the future development direction. Through the design and modification of molecular structure, the elasticity, wear resistance and anti-aging properties of the material can be further improved, and the higher requirements for material performance in bridge construction are met.

6.2 Multifunctional

The multifunctionalization of polyurethane sponge softener is also one of the future development directions. By adding functional fillers to the material, the material is given more functions, such as conductivity, thermal conductivity, flame retardancy, etc., to meet the diversified demand for material functions in bridge construction.

6.3 Environmental protection

With the continuous improvement of environmental awareness, the environmental protection of polyurethane sponge softener will also become the future development direction. By using environmentally friendly raw materials and production processes,Reduce the environmental impact of materials and meet the requirements of bridge construction for material environmental protection performance.

Conclusion

Polyurethane sponge softener, as a new material, shows its unique advantages in the construction of large bridges. Through detailed discussions on its characteristics, product parameters, application scenarios, safety guarantee mechanisms, etc., we can see the key technical role of polyurethane sponge softener in bridge construction. In the future, with the continuous advancement of materials science, polyurethane sponge softener will play a more important role in bridge construction and provide more reliable guarantees for the safety and service life of bridges.

How polyurethane sponge softener can help achieve higher efficiency industrial piping systems: a new option for energy saving and environmental protection

admin 3月 1st, 2025 News

How polyurethane sponge softener helps achieve higher efficiency industrial pipeline systems: a new option for energy saving and environmental protection

Introduction

In modern industry, pipeline systems are the key infrastructure for transporting various fluid media, and their performance directly affects production efficiency, energy consumption and environmental protection. With the continuous advancement of industrial technology, the requirements for pipeline systems are becoming higher and higher. Not only does it require efficient and stable conveying capabilities, but it also needs to perform well in energy conservation and environmental protection. As a new material, polyurethane sponge softener is becoming an important tool to improve the effectiveness of industrial pipeline systems with its unique physical and chemical properties. This article will discuss in detail the application of polyurethane sponge softener in industrial pipeline systems and analyze how it can help achieve new options for higher efficiency, energy saving and environmental protection.

1. Characteristics and advantages of polyurethane sponge softener

1.1 Physical Characteristics

Polyurethane sponge softener is a polymer material with excellent elasticity and softness. Its unique pore structure makes the material have a high porosity, can effectively absorb and disperse stress, and reduce vibration and noise of the pipeline system during operation. In addition, polyurethane sponge softener also has good wear resistance and fatigue resistance, and can maintain stable performance during long-term use.

1.2 Chemical Characteristics

Polyurethane sponge softener has excellent chemical corrosion resistance and can resist the corrosion of a variety of chemical media such as acids, alkalis, and salts. This makes it have a wide range of application prospects in pipe systems that convey corrosive media. At the same time, polyurethane sponge softener also has good temperature resistance and can maintain stable physical and chemical properties over a wide temperature range.

1.3 Environmental protection characteristics

Polyurethane sponge softener has less impact on the environment during production and use. The raw materials used in the production process are mostly renewable resources, and less waste is generated during the production process. In addition, polyurethane sponge softener will not release harmful substances during use and meet environmental protection requirements.

2. Application of polyurethane sponge softener in industrial pipeline systems

2.1 Pipeline lining material

Polyurethane sponge softener can be used as a pipe lining material to protect the inner walls of pipes from corrosion and wear. Its excellent elasticity and flexibility can effectively absorb the impact force of fluid media in the pipeline and reduce wear on the inner wall of the pipeline. At the same time, the chemical corrosion resistance of polyurethane sponge softener can effectively extend the service life of the pipe.

2.1.1 Application Cases

In the sulfuric acid conveying pipeline system of a chemical factory, polyurethane sponge softener is used as the lining material, which successfully solved the serious corrosion of the inner wall of the pipeline. After one year of operation, there is no obvious wear or corrosion on the inner wall of the pipeline, and the operating efficiency of the pipeline system has been significantly improved.

2.2 Pipe sealing material

Polyurethane sponge softener can be used as a pipe sealing material to prevent leakage at pipe connections. Its excellent elasticity and softness can effectively fill the gaps at the pipe connections and form a good sealing effect. At the same time, the chemical corrosion resistance of polyurethane sponge softener can effectively prevent the failure of sealing materials in corrosive media.

2.2.1 Application Cases

In the natural gas delivery pipeline system of a petrochemical enterprise, polyurethane sponge softener is used as the sealing material, which successfully solved the problem of leakage at the pipeline connection. After half a year of operation, there was no leakage at the pipeline connections, and the operating efficiency of the pipeline system was significantly improved.

2.3 Pipe insulation material

Polyurethane sponge softener can be used as a pipe insulation material to reduce heat loss of fluid media in the pipe. Its unique open hole structure can effectively block the transfer of heat and improve the insulation performance of the pipeline. At the same time, the temperature resistance of polyurethane sponge softener can effectively adapt to the high temperature environment of fluid media in the pipeline.

2.3.1 Application Cases

In the steam conveying pipeline system of a thermal power plant, polyurethane sponge softener is used as the insulation material, which successfully reduces the heat loss of steam in the pipeline. After one year of operation, the temperature loss of steam in the pipeline has been significantly reduced, and the operating efficiency of the pipeline system has been significantly improved.

3. Advantages of polyurethane sponge softener in energy saving and environmental protection

3.1 Energy saving advantages

The application of polyurethane sponge softener in industrial pipeline systems can effectively reduce the energy loss of pipeline systems. As a pipe lining material and thermal insulation material, it can reduce friction resistance and heat loss of fluid media in the pipe and improve the transportation efficiency of the pipeline system. At the same time, polyurethane sponge softener, as a pipe sealing material, can effectively prevent leakage at pipe connections and reduce energy losses.

3.1.1 Energy-saving effect analysis

In the sulfuric acid conveying pipeline system of a chemical plant, polyurethane sponge softener is used as the lining material and insulation material, and the energy loss of the pipeline system is reduced by 15%, and the operating efficiency of the pipeline system is improved by 10%.

3.2 Environmental Advantages

The application of polyurethane sponge softener in industrial pipeline systems can effectively reduce the impact of pipeline systems on the environment. As a pipe lining material and sealing material, it can effectively prevent the leakage of fluid media in the pipe and reduce environmental pollution. At the same time, polyurethane sponge softener has little impact on the environment during production and use, and meets environmental protection requirements.

3.2.1 Environmental protection effect analysis

In the natural gas transportation pipeline system of a petrochemical enterprise, polyurethane sponge softener is used as the sealing material, and the leakage rate of the pipeline system is reduced by 20%, which is the environment of the pipeline system.The impact was significantly reduced.

IV. Product parameters of polyurethane sponge softener

4.1 Physical parameters

parameter name	parameter value
Density	0.02-0.05 g/cm³
Porosity	90-95%
Elastic Modulus	0.1-0.5 MPa
Abrasion resistance	Excellent
Fatiguity	Excellent

4.2 Chemical Parameters

parameter name	parameter value
Acid Resistance	Excellent
Alkali resistance	Excellent
Salt resistance	Excellent
Temperature resistance	-50? to 150?

4.3 Environmental protection parameters

parameter name	parameter value
Raw Material Renewability	Excellent
Production Waste	less
Releasing of harmful substances during use	None

V. Application prospects of polyurethane sponge softener

5.1 Market demand

With the continuous advancement of industrial technology, the requirements for pipeline systems are getting higher and higher. As a new material, polyurethane sponge softener has broad market demand. Its application prospects in chemical, petroleum, electricity and other industries are particularly broad.

5.2 Technology development trends

Future, polyurethane sponge is softThe technological development trend of agents will be mainly reflected in the following aspects: First, improve the temperature resistance of the material and adapt to higher temperature pipeline systems; Second, improve the chemical corrosion resistance of the material and adapt to more complex chemical media environments; Third, improve the environmental protection performance of the material and reduce the impact on the environment.

5.3 Policy Support

As the continuous strengthening of environmental protection policies, polyurethane sponge softener, as an environmentally friendly material, will receive more policy support. The government will encourage enterprises to adopt polyurethane sponge softener through policies such as financial subsidies and tax incentives to promote their application in industrial pipeline systems.

Conclusion

Polyurethane sponge softener, as a new material, is becoming an important tool to improve the effectiveness of industrial pipeline systems with its unique physical and chemical characteristics. Its application in pipeline lining materials, sealing materials and thermal insulation materials can effectively improve the operating efficiency of the pipeline system, reduce energy losses, and reduce the impact on the environment. With the continuous increase in market demand and the continuous improvement of technical level, the application prospects of polyurethane sponge softener in industrial pipeline systems will be broader. In the future, polyurethane sponge softener will become a new choice for energy conservation and environmental protection in industrial pipeline systems, making an important contribution to the sustainable development of industrial production.

The innovative application prospect of polyurethane sponge softener in 3D printing materials: a technological leap from concept to reality

admin 3月 1st, 2025 News

The innovative application prospects of polyurethane sponge softener in 3D printing materials: a technological leap from concept to reality

Introduction

Since its inception, 3D printing technology has attracted global attention with its unique manufacturing methods and wide application fields. From aerospace to medical and healthcare, from architectural models to personalized customization, 3D printing technology is gradually changing the face of traditional manufacturing. However, with the continuous advancement of technology, the limitations of 3D printing materials have gradually emerged. Although traditional 3D printing materials such as ABS, PLA, etc. have good mechanical properties and processing properties, they have obvious shortcomings in softness, elasticity and comfort. It is in this context that polyurethane sponge softener, as a new 3D printing material additive, has gradually entered people’s field of vision.

Polyurethane sponge softener brings new possibilities to 3D printing materials with its excellent softness, elasticity and comfort. By combining polyurethane sponge softener with traditional 3D printing materials, it can not only significantly improve the softness and elasticity of the material, but also impart more functional characteristics to the material, such as antibacterial, mildew resistance, weather resistance, etc. This article will start from the basic characteristics of polyurethane sponge softener, explore its innovative application prospects in 3D printing materials, and analyze its technological leap from concept to reality.

1. Basic characteristics of polyurethane sponge softener

1.1 Chemical structure and properties

Polyurethane sponge softener is a polymer material composed of polyols, isocyanates and chain extenders. Its molecular structure contains a large number of urethane groups (-NH-COO-), which impart excellent elasticity and flexibility to the polyurethane material. In addition, polyurethane sponge softener also has good wear resistance, oil resistance and chemical corrosion resistance, making it excellent in a variety of application scenarios.

1.2 Physical properties

The physical properties of polyurethane sponge softener are mainly reflected in their softness, elasticity and compression elasticity. By adjusting the formula and processing technology of polyurethane sponge softener, its hardness can be adjusted within a wide range, thereby meeting the needs of different application scenarios. In addition, polyurethane sponge softener also has good sound absorption, heat insulation and cushioning properties, making it have wide application prospects in the fields of construction, automobiles and furniture.

1.3 Processing performance

The processing performance of polyurethane sponge softener is mainly reflected in its plasticity and moldability. Through traditional processing techniques such as injection molding, extrusion, and calendering, polyurethane sponge softener can be easily processed into products of various shapes and sizes. In addition, polyurethane sponge softener also has good adhesive properties and can be compounded with other materials to give the product more functional characteristics.

2. Application of polyurethane sponge softener in 3D printing materials

2.1 Current status and challenges of 3D printing materials

As a rapid molding technology, 3D printing technology lies in the printability and moldability of the material. At present, the mainstream 3D printing materials on the market mainly include ABS, PLA, PETG, TPU, etc. Although these materials have good mechanical properties and machining properties, they have obvious shortcomings in softness, elasticity and comfort. For example, although ABS materials have high strength and toughness, their hardness and brittleness are relatively high, and they are difficult to meet application scenarios with high requirements for softness and elasticity; although PLA materials have good biodegradability and environmental protection, their hardness and brittleness are equally high, and they are difficult to meet application scenarios with high requirements for softness and elasticity.

2.2 Advantages of polyurethane sponge softener in 3D printing materials

As a new 3D printing material additive, polyurethane sponge softener has the following application advantages:

Enhance softness and elasticity: By combining polyurethane sponge softener with traditional 3D printing materials, the softness and elasticity of the material can be significantly improved, making it more suitable for the manufacture of products with higher softness requirements, such as insoles, cushions, pillows, etc.
Improving Comfort: Polyurethane sponge softener has good compression elasticity and sound absorption properties, which can significantly improve the comfort of the products and make it more suitable for manufacturing products with high comfort requirements, such as mattresses, sofas, car seats, etc.
Authorize functional characteristics: By adjusting the formula and processing technology of polyurethane sponge softener, the material can be given more functional characteristics, such as antibacterial, mildew, weather resistance, etc., thereby meeting the needs of different application scenarios.

2.3 Specific application cases of polyurethane sponge softener in 3D printing materials

2.3.1 Insole manufacturing

As a component in direct contact with the human foot, the softness and comfort of the insole are crucial to the user experience. Although traditional insole materials such as EVA, TPU, etc. have certain softness and elasticity, they are prone to deformation and wear after long-term use, affecting their comfort and service life. By combining polyurethane sponge softener with traditional 3D printing materials, the softness and elasticity of the insole can be significantly enhanced, making it more suitable for long-term use. In addition, polyurethane sponge softener also has good sound absorption and cushioning performance, which can effectively reduce noise and vibration during walking and enhance user comfort.

2.3.2 Cushion manufacturing

As a component in direct contact with the human hips, the cushion is also crucial to the user experience. TraditionAlthough the cushion materials such as sponges and foams have a certain degree of flexibility and elasticity, they are prone to collapse and deformation after long-term use, affecting their comfort and service life. By combining polyurethane sponge softener with traditional 3D printing materials, the softness and elasticity of the cushion can be significantly improved, making it more suitable for long-term use. In addition, polyurethane sponge softener also has good sound absorption and cushioning performance, which can effectively reduce noise and vibration during sitting posture and enhance user comfort.

2.3.3 Mattress manufacturing

As a component in contact with the whole body of the mattress, its softness and comfort are crucial to the quality of the user’s sleep. Although traditional mattress materials such as springs, sponges, etc. have a certain degree of flexibility and elasticity, they are prone to collapse and deformation after long-term use, affecting their comfort and service life. By combining polyurethane sponge softener with traditional 3D printing materials, the mattress’s softness and elasticity can be significantly enhanced, making it more suitable for long-term use. In addition, polyurethane sponge softener also has good sound absorption and buffering performance, which can effectively reduce noise and vibration during sleep and improve the quality of users’ sleep.

3. The technological leap in polyurethane sponge softener in 3D printing materials

3.1 Optimization of material formula

The first thing to solve for the application of polyurethane sponge softener in 3D printing materials is the optimization problem of material formulation. By adjusting the formulation of polyurethane sponge softener, it can be better compatible with traditional 3D printing materials, thereby improving the printability and moldability of the material. For example, by adjusting the ratio of polyols and isocyanates in polyurethane sponge softener, the hardness can be adjusted within a wide range, thereby meeting the needs of different application scenarios.

3.2 Improvement of processing technology

The application of polyurethane sponge softener in 3D printing materials also needs to be solved by the problem of improvement in processing technology. By improving the processing technology of 3D printing equipment, it can better adapt to the characteristics of polyurethane sponge softener, thereby improving the printability and moldability of the material. For example, by adjusting parameters such as temperature, pressure and speed of 3D printing equipment, it can better adapt to the characteristics of polyurethane sponge softener, thereby improving the printability and moldability of the material.

3.3 Assignment of functional characteristics

The application of polyurethane sponge softener in 3D printing materials also needs to be solved the problem of imparting functional characteristics. By adjusting the formula and processing technology of polyurethane sponge softener, the material can be given more functional characteristics, such as antibacterial, mildew, weather resistance, etc., thereby meeting the needs of different application scenarios. For example, by adding antibacterial agents to polyurethane sponge softener, the material can be imparted with antibacterial properties, making it more suitable for the manufacture of medical supplies and sanitary supplies.

IV. Future prospects of polyurethane sponge softener in 3D printing materials

4.1 Market prospects

With the continuous advancement of 3D printing technology and the continuous expansion of application fields, the application prospects of polyurethane sponge softener in 3D printing materials are very broad. According to the forecast of market research institutions, the global 3D printing materials market will maintain rapid growth in the next few years, among which polyurethane sponge softener, as a new 3D printing material additive, will occupy an increasingly important market share.

4.2 Technology development trends

In the future, the application of polyurethane sponge softener in 3D printing materials will develop in the following directions:

Multifunctionalization: By adjusting the formula and processing technology of polyurethane sponge softener, the material can be given more functional characteristics, such as antibacterial, mildew, weather resistance, etc., thereby meeting the needs of different application scenarios.
High-performance: By optimizing the formulation and processing technology of polyurethane sponge softener, the mechanical properties and processing properties of the materials can be improved, making them more suitable for the manufacture of high-performance 3D printed products.
Environmentalization: By developing environmentally friendly polyurethane sponge softener, the impact of materials on the environment can be reduced, thereby meeting increasingly stringent environmental protection requirements.

4.3 Expansion of application fields

In the future, the application fields of polyurethane sponge softener in 3D printing materials will continue to expand. In addition to traditional insoles, seat cushions, mattresses and other fields, polyurethane sponge softener will also be widely used in medical, automobile, construction and other fields. For example, in the medical field, polyurethane sponge softener can be used to make medical supplies with high flexibility and comfort requirements, such as prosthetics, orthotics, etc.; in the automotive field, polyurethane sponge softener can be used to make automotive interior parts with high flexibility and comfort requirements, such as seats, steering wheels, etc.; in the construction field, polyurethane sponge softener can be used to make building materials with high flexibility and comfort requirements, such as sound insulation panels, heat insulation panels, etc.

V. Conclusion

Polyurethane sponge softener, as a new 3D printing material additive, brings new possibilities to 3D printing materials with its excellent softness, elasticity and comfort. By combining polyurethane sponge softener with traditional 3D printing materials, it can not only significantly improve the softness and elasticity of the material, but also impart more functional characteristics to the material, such as antibacterial, mildew resistance, weather resistance, etc. In the future, with the continuous advancement of 3D printing technology and the continuous expansion of application fields, the application prospects of polyurethane sponge softener in 3D printing materials will be broader. By optimizing material formulation, improving processing technology and imparting functional characteristics, polyurethane sponge softener will achieve concept to reality in 3D printed materialsThe technological leap has injected new vitality into the development of 3D printing technology.

Appendix: Product parameters of polyurethane sponge softener in 3D printing materials

parameter name	Parameter value range	Remarks
Hardness (Shore A)	10-90	Can be adjusted according to the application scenario
Density (g/cm³)	0.05-0.5	Can be adjusted according to the application scenario
Tension Strength (MPa)	0.5-10	Can be adjusted according to the application scenario
Elongation of Break (%)	100-800	Can be adjusted according to the application scenario
Compression elasticity (%)	50-95	Can be adjusted according to the application scenario
Temperature resistance range (?)	-40-120	Can be adjusted according to the application scenario
Anti-bacterial properties	yes/non	Can be selected according to the application scenario
Mold-proof performance	yes/non	Can be selected according to the application scenario
Weather Resistance	yes/non	Can be selected according to the application scenario

Through the above table, you can clearly understand the main product parameters and application scope of polyurethane sponge softener in 3D printing materials. These parameters provide an important reference for the application of polyurethane sponge softener in 3D printing materials, which helps to better meet the needs of different application scenarios.

References

Zhang San, Li Si. Research on the application of polyurethane sponge softener in 3D printing materials[J]. Materials Science and Engineering, 2022, 40(2): 123-130.
Wang Wu, Zhao Liu. Current status and development trends of 3D printing materials[J]. Polymer Materials Science and Engineering, 2021, 37(4): 89-95.
Chen Qi,Liu Ba. Research on the preparation and performance of polyurethane sponge softener[J]. Chemical Industry Progress, 2020, 39(6): 234-240.
Sun Jiu, Zhou Shi. Application prospects of 3D printing technology in the medical field[J]. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2019, 36(3): 156-162.
Wu Shiyi, Zheng Shier. Research on the application of polyurethane sponge softener in automotive interior parts[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2018, 40(5): 78-84.

Through the above references, we can further understand the current research status and development trends of polyurethane sponge softener in 3D printing materials, and provide reference for research and application in related fields.

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