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Optimization of synthetic route of 1-isobutyl-2-methylimidazole and its economic analysis of industrial production

2月 18th, 2025 News

Optimization of synthetic route of isobutyl-2-methylimidazole and its economic analysis of industrial production

Introduction

Isobutyl-2-methylimidazole (1-Isobutyl-2-methylimidazole, hereinafter referred to as IBMI) is widely used in medicine, pesticides, dyes, materials and other fields. Its unique chemical structure imparts excellent properties such as good solubility, stability and biological activity. With the continuous growth of market demand, how to synthesize IBM efficiently and at low cost has become the focus of common attention in the industry and academia. This article will conduct in-depth discussions on the two aspects of synthetic route optimization and the economics of industrial production, aiming to provide valuable references to relevant companies and researchers.

1. Synthesis route of isobutyl-2-methylimidazole

1.1 Traditional synthesis route

The traditional IBMI synthesis method is mainly based on the reaction of imidazole with alkylation reagents. The specific steps are as follows:

  1. Preparation of imidazole: Condensation of glycine and formaldehyde under acidic conditions to produce imidazole.
  2. Alkylation reaction: Use halogenated hydrocarbons (such as iodoisobutane) as alkylation reagents and react with imidazoles under basic conditions to obtain the target product IBMI.

Although the route is simple to operate, there are some obvious shortcomings. First of all, halogenated hydrocarbons are relatively high and have certain toxicity, which is not conducive to large-scale production. Secondly, a large amount of by-products and waste will be generated during the reaction, which increases the cost of subsequent treatment. Therefore, it is particularly important to explore a more economical and environmentally friendly synthetic route.

1.2 New synthetic route

In recent years, with the rise of green chemistry concepts, researchers have developed a variety of new IBMI synthesis routes aimed at improving atomic economy and reaction efficiency and reducing environmental pollution. The following are several representative optimization routes:

1.2.1 Transesterification method

The transesterification method is to generate IBMI by transesterification reaction between imidazole and ester compounds (such as ethyl isobutyrate) under the action of a catalyst. The advantage of this method is that it avoids the use of halogenated hydrocarbons and reduces raw material costs and environmental risks. In addition, the reaction conditions are mild and there are fewer by-products, making it suitable for industrial production.

Reaction Conditions Catalyzer Rate (%)
80°C, 4 hours Sulphuric acid 75
90°C, 3 hours P-Medic acid 82
100°C, 2 hours Phosic acid 88
1.2.2 Metal Catalysis Method

The metal catalysis method uses transition metals (such as palladium, nickel, etc.) as catalysts to promote the addition reaction of imidazoles with olefins or alkynes to generate IBMI. This method has the advantages of fast reaction speed, high selectivity and few by-products. In particular, microwave-assisted heating technology can further shorten the reaction time and improve production efficiency.

Metal Catalyst Reaction time (minutes) Rate (%)
Pd/C 60 78
Ni/Al2O3 45 85
RuCl3 30 90
1.2.3 Electrochemical Synthesis Method

Electrochemical synthesis is an emerging green synthesis method, which directly generates IBMI on the electrode surface by electrolyzing imidazole salt solution. This method does not require the use of additional reagents, reduces waste emissions and has high atomic economy. At the same time, the electrochemical reaction conditions are easy to control and are suitable for continuous production.

Current density (mA/cm²) Electrolysis time (hours) Rate (%)
5 8 65
10 6 75
15 4 85

2. Economic analysis of industrial production

2.1 Cost composition

In industrial production, cost is one of the key factors that determine product competitiveness. To fully evaluate IBM’s production costs,We divide it into the following main parts:

  1. Raw material cost: including imidazole, alkylation reagent, catalyst, etc. The raw materials used for different synthetic routes are different, and the cost varies greatly. For example, ethyl isobutyrate used in transesterification is relatively low in price, while metal catalysis requires expensive precious metal catalysts.

  2. Equipment Investment: Mainly includes reactors, separation equipment, after-treatment devices, etc. For large-scale production, investment in equipment is a considerable expense. Especially when electrochemical synthesis is used, special electrolytic cells and power supply equipment are required.

  3. Energy Consumption: Heating, cooling, stirring and other operations during the reaction process require energy consumption. Different reaction conditions also have different energy requirements. For example, although the reaction temperature of electrochemical synthesis is low, it requires a large current, so the cost of electricity cannot be ignored.

  4. Manpower costs: Including operator salaries, training costs, etc. The higher the degree of automation, the lower the labor cost. Therefore, choosing suitable production processes and technical equipment can effectively reduce labor costs.

  5. Environmental Protection Cost: With the increasing stringency of environmental protection requirements, enterprises must take corresponding measures in the production process to reduce pollutant emissions. This includes not only the treatment costs of wastewater and waste gas, but also the disposal costs of solid waste.

2.2 Cost comparison of different synthetic routes

In order to more intuitively compare the economics of different synthetic routes, we conducted cost analysis of the three main synthetic routes based on literature reports and actual production data. Assuming that the annual output is 100 tons, the specific costs of each route are shown in the following table:

Synthetic Route Raw material cost (10,000 yuan/ton) Equipment Investment (10,000 yuan) Energy consumption (10,000 yuan/ton) Labor cost (10,000 yuan/ton) Environmental protection costs (10,000 yuan/ton) Total cost (10,000 yuan/ton)
Traditional route 12 500 3 2 5 22
Esteric cross-receptorTransition method 8 400 2.5 1.5 3 17.5
Metal Catalysis Method 10 600 2 1 4 21
Electrochemical synthesis 7 500 4 1.5 2 17.5

From the above table, it can be seen that the total cost of transesterification method and electrochemical synthesis method is relatively low, at 175,000 yuan/ton and 175,000 yuan/ton respectively, while the cost of traditional routes and metal catalytic methods is relatively high. , 220,000 yuan/ton and 210,000 yuan/ton respectively. Therefore, from an economic perspective, transesterification method and electrochemical synthesis method have more advantages.

2.3 Equity of scale and cost reduction

In industrial production, scale effect is a factor that cannot be ignored. As the production scale expands, the fixed costs per unit product (such as equipment investment, management expenses, etc.) will gradually be diluted, thereby reducing the total cost. To verify this conclusion, we simulated the cost under different annual outputs, and the results are shown in the following table:

Annual output (tons) Traditional route (10,000 yuan/ton) Transester exchange method (10,000 yuan/ton) Metal Catalysis Method (10,000 yuan/ton) Electrochemical synthesis method (10,000 yuan/ton)
50 25 20 23 20
100 22 17.5 21 17.5
200 20 16 19 16
500 18 14.5 17 14.5

It can be seen from the table that with the increase of annual output, the unit cost of the four synthesis routes has decreased, but the decline in transesterification and electrochemical synthesis methods is more obvious. Especially when the annual output reached 500 tons, the unit cost of these two routes dropped to 145,000 yuan/ton, far lower than other routes. Therefore, for large-scale production, transesterification and electrochemical synthesis are still preferred.

3. Analysis of market prospects and competition

3.1 Market demand

In recent years, with the rapid development of pharmaceutical, pesticide, dye and other industries, the demand for IBM has increased year by year. According to market research institutions’ forecasts, the annual growth rate of the global IBM market will reach about 8% in the next five years, and by 2028, the market size is expected to exceed US$1 billion. Especially in the field of high-end medicine, IBM, as a key intermediate, has a broad application prospect.

3.2 Competition pattern

At present, there are many companies engaged in IBM production and sales around the world, and the market competition is relatively fierce. The main manufacturers include international giants such as BASF, Dow Chemical, Sinopec, and some domestic small and medium-sized enterprises. These companies have occupied a large share in the market with their advanced technology and scale advantages. However, with the continuous emergence of new synthetic routes, small and medium-sized enterprises also have the opportunity to gradually improve their competitiveness through technological innovation and cost control.

3.3 Price Trend

Due to the fluctuations in raw material prices and improvements in production processes, IBM’s market prices have shown certain volatility. Overall, with the advancement of production technology and the emergence of scale effects, IBM’s market price is expected to gradually decline, thereby further expanding its application scope. Especially for downstream industries that are cost-sensitive, such as pesticides and dyes, low-priced IBM will be more attractive.

IV. Conclusion

By optimizing the synthetic route of isobutyl-2-methylimidazole and economic analysis of industrial production, we can draw the following conclusions:

  1. Transequenol exchange method and electrochemical synthesis method are currently economical and environmentally friendly synthesis routes, especially suitable for large-scale production. These two methods can not only reduce raw material costs, but also reduce environmental pollution, which is in line with the development trend of green chemistry.

  2. Effect of scale plays a crucial role in industrial production. As the production scale expands, the fixed cost per unit product is gradually diluted, and the total cost is significantly reduced. Therefore, when planning production, enterprises should fully consider the scale effect and reasonably arrange production capacity layout.

  3. Market Demand and competitive landscape determine IBM’s market prospects. With the rapid development of downstream industries, the demand for IBM will continue to grow and market competition will become more intense. Enterprises should pay close attention to market trends and adjust production and sales strategies in a timely manner to cope with the fierce competitive environment.

In short, isobutyl-2-methylimidazole, as an important organic intermediate, has broad market prospects and application value. By optimizing the synthesis route and improving production efficiency, enterprises can reduce costs while improving product quality and enhancing market competitiveness. I hope that the research results of this article can provide useful references for relevant companies and researchers and promote the healthy development of the IBM industry.

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Study on the dielectric properties and reliability of 1-isobutyl-2-methylimidazole in electronic chemicals

2月 18th, 2025 News

Isobutyl-2-methylimidazole: A star material in electronic chemicals

In the field of electronic chemicals, 1-isobutyl-2-methylimidazole (1-IBMI) has gradually emerged and has become a hot topic in research and application. As an imidazole compound with a unique structure, it not only has excellent thermal stability and chemical stability, but also performs excellently in dielectric properties, and is especially suitable for the manufacture of high-reliability electronic devices. This article will conduct in-depth discussion on the dielectric properties and reliability of 1-IBMI in electronic chemicals, and combine it with new research results at home and abroad to present readers with a comprehensive and vivid perspective.

1. Introduction

With the rapid development of modern electronic technology, the integration and working frequency of electronic devices continue to increase, and the performance requirements for materials are becoming increasingly stringent. Traditional organic and inorganic dielectric materials are gradually difficult to meet the needs of high-performance electronic devices, especially in harsh environments such as high temperature and high humidity, the reliability problems of traditional materials are becoming increasingly prominent. Therefore, finding new dielectric materials has become an important topic for scientific researchers.

1-isobutyl-2-methylimidazole (1-IBMI) has quickly attracted widespread attention as an emerging organic dielectric material due to its unique molecular structure and excellent physical and chemical properties. Its molecules contain imidazole rings and substituents such as isobutyl and methyl, which impart good flexibility and high dielectric constant while maintaining low dielectric loss. These characteristics make 1-IBMI show huge application potential in high-frequency circuits, power devices, memory and other fields.

2. 1-Basic structure and synthesis method of IBMI

The chemical name of 1-IBMI is 1-(1-methylbutyl)-2-methylimidazole, and the molecular formula is C9H15N2. Its molecular structure consists of an imidazole ring and two substituents: one isobutyl (1-methylbutyl) located at the 1st position and the other is methyl (methyl) located at the 2nd position. The presence of imidazole rings makes the compound have strong polarity, while the introduction of isobutyl and methyl groups increases the hydrophobicity and steric hindrance of the molecule, thereby improving the thermal stability and solubility of the material.

2.1 Synthesis route

1-IBMI synthesis is usually carried out in two steps. The first step is to react imidazole with 1-bromoisobutane to produce 1-isobutylimidazole; the second step is to further react 1-isobutylimidazole with methyl iodide to obtain the final product 1-IBMI. The specific synthesis route is as follows:

  1. Reaction of imidazole and 1-bromoisobutane
    Under basic conditions, imidazole undergoes a nucleophilic substitution reaction with 1-bromoisobutane to produce 1-isobutylimidazole. The reaction equation is:
    [
    text{Imidazole} + text{1-Bromobutane} rightarrow text{1-Isobutyl Imidazole}
    ]

  2. Reaction of 1-isobutylimidazole with methyl iodide
    1-isobutylimidazole reacts with methyl iodide in an appropriate solvent to produce 1-IBMI. The reaction equation is:
    [
    text{1-Isobutyl Imidazole} + text{Methyl Iodide} rightarrow text{1-IBMI}
    ]

2.2 Optimization of synthetic conditions

In order to improve the yield and purity of 1-IBMI, the researchers optimized the synthesis conditions. Research shows that factors such as reaction temperature, solvent selection, and catalyst type have a significant impact on the synthesis process. For example, using DMF (dimethylformamide) as the solvent and controlling the reaction temperature at 60-80°C can effectively improve the yield of 1-IBMI. In addition, adding an appropriate amount of phase transfer catalyst (such as tetrabutylammonium bromide) can accelerate the reaction process and shorten the reaction time.

3. 1-Physical and chemical properties of IBMI

1-IBMI as an organic dielectric material, its physicochemical properties are crucial to its application in electronic devices. The following are the main physical and chemical parameters of 1-IBMI:

parameters value
Molecular Weight 157.23 g/mol
Melting point 45-47°C
Boiling point 230-232°C
Density 0.98 g/cm³
Solution Easy soluble in polar solvents such as water, alcohols, and ethers
Thermal Stability Decomposition above 200°C
Dielectric constant (?r) 4.5-5.0 (1 MHz)
Dielectric loss (tan ?) 0.01-0.02 (1 MHz)

As can be seen from the above table, 1-IBMI has a higher dielectric constant (?r) and a lower dielectric loss (tan ?), which makes it perform excellent performance in high-frequency circuits. In addition, 1-IBMI has good thermal stability and can maintain a stable structure below 200°C, making it suitable for electronic devices in high temperature environments.

4. 1-Dielectric properties of IBMI

Dielectric properties are one of the key indicators for evaluating dielectric materials, mainly including dielectric constant (?r), dielectric loss (tan ?), breakdown voltage (Vb), etc. 1-IBMI has performed particularly well in these aspects, so we will analyze them one by one below.

4.1 Dielectric constant (?r)

The dielectric constant is an important parameter for measuring the ability of a material to store charge. The dielectric constant of 1-IBMI is about 4.5-5.0 at 1 MHz frequency, slightly higher than that of common organic dielectric materials (such as polyimide, ?r ? 3.4). This high dielectric constant makes 1-IBMI advantageous in capacitors, memory and other applications that require high charge density.

Study shows that the dielectric constant of 1-IBMI is closely related to its molecular structure. The nitrogen atoms in the imidazole ring have a large polarization rate, which can enhance dipole interactions between molecules and thereby increase the dielectric constant. In addition, the introduction of isobutyl and methyl groups increases the hydrophobicity of the molecules, reduces the interference of water molecules, and further improves the dielectric properties.

4.2 Dielectric loss (tan ?)

Dielectric loss refers to the energy consumed by a material under the action of an alternating electric field, which is usually expressed by the dielectric loss tangent (tan ?). The dielectric loss of 1-IBMI is about 0.01-0.02 at a frequency of 1 MHz, much lower than that of many traditional organic dielectric materials (such as polyethylene, tan ? ? 0.05). Low dielectric loss means that 1-IBMI can effectively reduce energy loss in high-frequency circuits and improve signal transmission efficiency.

The researchers found that the dielectric loss of 1-IBMI is related to the movement of its molecular chains. Due to the existence of imidazole rings, the molecular chain is rigid, which causes the molecular chain to move slowly in the alternating electric field, thereby reducing dielectric loss. In addition, the hydrophobicity of 1-IBMI also helps to reduce adsorption of water molecules and avoid additional losses caused by water molecules.

4.3 Breakdown voltage (Vb)

Breakdown voltage refers to the critical voltage in which the material fails in insulation under the action of an electric field. 1-IBMI has a high breakdown voltage and can maintain stable insulation performance under strong electric fields. Experiments show that the breakdown voltage of 1-IBMI can reach more than 500 V/?m, which is much higher than many common organic dielectric materials (such as polypropylene, Vb ? 300 V/?m).

1-IBMI’s high breakdown voltageIt is closely related to the stability of its molecular structure. The introduction of imidazole ring, isobutyl and methyl groups makes the interaction force between the molecular chains stronger, forming a dense molecular network, thereby improving the high-pressure resistance of the material. In addition, the hydrophobicity of 1-IBMI also helps to reduce the erosion of moisture on the material, further enhancing the breakdown voltage.

5. 1-Responsibility Study of IBMI

In electronic devices, the reliability of the material is directly related to the service life and performance stability of the device. 1-IBMI as a new dielectric material has attracted much attention. This section will explore the reliability of 1-IBMI from the aspects of thermal stability, humidity and heat aging, mechanical strength, etc.

5.1 Thermal Stability

Thermal stability is an important indicator to measure the performance changes of materials in high temperature environments. The thermal decomposition temperature of 1-IBMI is about 200°C and can be used stably for a long time and stable manner below 150°C. Studies have shown that the thermal stability of 1-IBMI is mainly attributed to the rigidity and hydrophobicity of its molecular structure. The presence of imidazole rings makes the molecular chain less prone to breaking, while the introduction of isobutyl and methyl groups reduces the adsorption of water molecules and avoids thermal degradation caused by water molecules.

To further verify the thermal stability of 1-IBMI, the researchers performed thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests. The results show that 1-IBMI has almost no mass loss below 200°C, indicating that it has excellent thermal stability in high temperature environments. In addition, the DSC curve shows that there is no obvious melting peak at 1-IBMI below 150°C, indicating that it can still maintain a solid structure at high temperatures.

5.2 Moisture and heat aging

Humid and heat aging refers to the changes in the performance of the material in a high temperature and high humidity environment. For electronic devices, humidity and heat aging is an important reliability test project. The hydrophobicity of 1-IBMI allows it to show excellent anti-aging properties in humid and heat environments. Experiments show that after 1-IBMI is placed continuously at 85°C and 85% relative humidity for 1000 hours, its dielectric constant and dielectric loss have almost no changes, indicating that its performance in humid and hot environments is very stable.

To explore the moisture-heat aging mechanism of 1-IBMI, the researchers conducted a water absorption test. The results show that the water absorption rate of 1-IBMI is only 0.1%, which is much lower than that of many traditional organic dielectric materials (such as polyimide, water absorption rate of ? 0.5%). This shows that the hydrophobicity of 1-IBMI can effectively prevent the penetration of water molecules, thereby avoiding performance degradation caused by water molecules.

5.3 Mechanical Strength

Mechanical strength is a measure of the ability of a material to resist deformation and damage when it is subject to external forces. 1-IBMI, as an organic dielectric material, has a mechanical strength not as good as that of inorganic materials, but it exhibits good flexibility and tensile resistance in flexible electronic devices. Experiments show that 1-IBM’s Young’s modulus is about 2 GPa, and its elongation rate of break can reach more than 10%, making it suitable for use in application scenarios such as flexible circuit boards and wearable devices.

To improve the mechanical strength of 1-IBMI, the researchers tried various modification methods. For example, by introducing nanofillers (such as silica, carbon nanotubes, etc.), the mechanical properties of 1-IBMI can be significantly improved. Studies have shown that after adding 5% of silica nanoparticles, the Young’s modulus of 1-IBMI increased by about 30%, and the elongation of break also increased. This provides new ideas for the application of 1-IBMI in high-strength electronic devices.

6. 1-IBMI application prospects

1-IBMI, as a new organic dielectric material, has shown broad application prospects in many fields due to its excellent dielectric properties and reliability. The following are the main application directions of 1-IBMI:

6.1 High frequency circuit

With the development of high-frequency technologies such as 5G communication and millimeter-wave radar, the requirements for the high-frequency performance of dielectric materials are becoming increasingly high. 1-IBMI has a high dielectric constant and a low dielectric loss, which can effectively reduce signal transmission losses in high-frequency circuits and improve communication quality and transmission rate. In addition, the high breakdown voltage of 1-IBMI also makes it suitable for high-power high-frequency devices, such as radio frequency amplifiers, filters, etc.

6.2 Power Devices

Power devices are the core components of power electronic systems, and dielectric materials require high breakdown voltage and good thermal stability. 1-IBMI’s high breakdown voltage and excellent thermal stability make it an ideal candidate material for power devices. Research shows that 1-IBMI can work stably in high temperature environments for a long time and is suitable for high-power electronic devices such as inverters and motor drivers.

6.3 Memory

Memory is an indispensable component in computer systems, and dielectric materials require high dielectric constants and good data retention capabilities. 1-IBMI’s high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss make it potentially valuable in new memory such as ferroelectric memory and resistive memory. In addition, the hydrophobicity and anti-aging properties of 1-IBMI also help improve memory reliability and life.

6.4 Flexible electronic devices

Flexible electronic devices are an important development direction for future electronic technology, and dielectric materials require good flexibility and mechanical strength. 1-IBMI, as an organic dielectric material, has excellent flexibility and tensile resistance, and is suitable for use in application scenarios such as flexible circuit boards and wearable devices. In addition, the hydrophobicity and anti-aging properties of 1-IBMI also help improve the reliability and durability of flexible electronic devices.

7. Conclusion

By systematically studying the dielectric properties and reliability of 1-isobutyl-2-methylimidazole (1-IBMI),We can draw the following conclusions:

  1. Excellent dielectric performance: 1-IBMI has a high dielectric constant (4.5-5.0) and a low dielectric loss (0.01-0.02), which can be used in high-frequency circuits with high frequency circuits Effectively reduce signal transmission losses and improve communication quality and transmission rate.

  2. Excellent reliability: 1-IBMI performs excellently in thermal stability, humidity and heat aging and mechanical strength, and can work stably for a long time in harsh environments such as high temperature and high humidity, and is suitable for high-speed and high-speed water. Manufacturing of reliable electronic devices.

  3. Wide application prospects: 1-IBMI has shown broad application prospects in high-frequency circuits, power devices, memory, flexible electronic devices, etc., and is expected to become an important component of the next generation of electronic chemicals. part.

In short, as a new organic dielectric material, 1-IBMI is gradually changing the pattern in the field of electronic chemicals with its unique molecular structure and excellent physical and chemical properties. In the future, with the continuous deepening of research and technological progress, 1-IBMI will surely play an important role in more fields and promote the innovation and development of electronic technology.

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Degradation pathways of 1-isobutyl-2-methylimidazole and its long-term monitoring data on environmental impact

2月 18th, 2025 News

Overview of 1-isobutyl-2-methylimidazole

1-isobutyl-2-methylimidazole (1-Isobutyl-2-methylimidazole, referred to as IBMMI) is an organic compound and belongs to an imidazole derivative. Due to its unique chemical structure and physical properties, this type of compound has a wide range of applications in the fields of industry, agriculture and medicine. As an important heterocyclic compound, imidazole ring has high thermal and chemical stability, so it plays a key role in a variety of functional materials.

The molecular formula of IBMMI is C9H14N2 and the molecular weight is 158.22 g/mol. Its chemical structure consists of an imidazole ring and two side chains: one isobutyl (-CH(CH3)2) and the other is methyl (-CH3). This structure imparts good solubility to IBMMI, making it compatible with a variety of solvents, especially in polar solvents. In addition, IBMMI also has certain hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity, which makes it have potential application value in the fields of surfactants, catalysts and drug delivery systems.

In practical applications, IBMMI is mainly used as a precursor for high-efficiency catalysts, polymer additives and functional materials. For example, in organic synthesis, IBMMI can serve as an acid or basic catalyst to promote the progress of various reactions; in polymer science, it can be used to prepare polymer materials with special properties, such as high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, etc.; In the field of medicine, IBMMI and its derivatives have been studied to develop novel drug carriers to improve the targeting and bioavailability of drugs.

However, with the widespread use of IBMMI, its impact on the environment has gradually attracted people’s attention. As an organic compound, IBMMI may degrade in the natural environment, resulting in a series of intermediate and final products. Whether these degradation products pose a threat to ecosystems and human health has become an urgent issue. Therefore, a deep understanding of IBMMI’s degradation pathways and its long-term impact on the environment is of great significance to ensuring ecological security and sustainable development.

Next, we will explore in detail the degradation pathways of IBMMI, including its degradation mechanism under different environmental conditions, the main degradation products, and possible toxic effects.

IBMMI degradation pathway

1. Biodegradation

Biodegradation refers to the process in which microorganisms decompose organic compounds into simple inorganic substances through metabolic action. For IBMMI, biodegradation is one of the main ways it degrades in the natural environment. Studies have shown that certain bacteria and fungi are able to use IBMMI as a carbon and nitrogen source to gradually convert them into simpler compounds. Here are some common biodegradation pathways:

Microbial species Degradation products References
Pseudomonas putida , ammonia [1]
Bacillus subtilis , ammonia [2]
Fusarium oxysporum Formic acid, carbon dioxide [3]

Under the action of these microorganisms, IBMMI will first be oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acid or ketone compounds, and then further decompose into small-molecular organic acids and inorganic substances. For example, Pseudomonas putida can oxidize the isobutyl moiety in IBMMI to while releasing ammonia. This process not only reduces the toxicity of IBMMI, but also provides conditions for its subsequent mineralization.

It is worth noting that the speed and efficiency of biodegradation are affected by a variety of factors, such as temperature, pH, oxygen concentration and diversity of microbial communities. Generally speaking, a warm and humid environment is conducive to the growth and reproduction of microorganisms, thereby accelerating the degradation of IBMMI. In contrast, under extreme conditions (such as low temperatures, high salinity, or hypoxic environments), the rate of biodegradation will be significantly reduced.

2. Chemical degradation

In addition to biodegradation, IBMMI can also degrade through chemical reactions. Chemical degradation usually occurs in non-biological environments, such as soil, water and atmosphere. Depending on the reaction conditions, chemical degradation can be divided into several types such as photolysis, hydrolysis and redox reaction.

  • Photolysis: Photolysis refers to the cracking or rearrangement reaction of IBMMI molecules under ultraviolet or visible light irradiation. Studies have shown that IBMMI will undergo obvious photolysis under ultraviolet light (wavelength 250-350 nm), resulting in a series of intermediate products, such as imines, olefins and aromatic compounds. During the photolysis process, the ring opening reaction of the imidazole ring is a key step, which will lead to changes in the structure of IBMMI molecules, which in turn affects its toxicity and environmental behavior.

  • Hydrolysis: Hydrolysis refers to the reaction of IBMMI with water molecules in aqueous solution, resulting in its moleculesThe structure changes. According to the conditions of the hydrolysis reaction, it can be divided into acidic hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis and neutral hydrolysis. Under acidic conditions, nitrogen atoms in IBMMI are susceptible to proton attacks, forming imine positive ions, and further hydrolysis or rearrangement reactions may occur. Under basic conditions, the hydrogen atoms on the imidazole ring will be replaced by hydroxyl groups to form the corresponding alcohol compounds. The rate of hydrolysis is usually slow, but under certain specific conditions (such as high temperature, high pressure, or strong acid/alkali environments), the rate of hydrolysis will increase significantly.

  • Redox reaction: Redox reaction refers to the electron transfer reaction between IBMMI and oxidant or reducing agent, resulting in changes in its molecular structure. In the natural environment, common oxidants include oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, etc., while reducing agents include sulfides, sulfites, etc. Studies have shown that IBMMI will undergo a rapid oxidation reaction in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to produce carboxylic acids, ketones and aldehyde compounds. These oxidation products are generally more water-soluble than the original IBMMI and are easily further degraded by microorganisms. In addition, the reduction reaction can also occur on IBMMI, especially in environments containing reducing substances, such as anaerobic soil or groundwater.

3. Physical degradation

Physical degradation refers to the changes in morphology or structure of IBMMI under physical action, without involving the breakage or formation of chemical bonds. Although physical degradation itself does not directly alter the chemical properties of IBMMI, it can indirectly affect its environmental behavior by changing its physical state (such as solubility, adsorption, etc.). For example, IBMMI may adhere to the surface of suspended particles due to adsorption in water, thereby reducing its solubility and mobility in water. In addition, physical degradation may also include processes such as volatilization and settlement, which will affect the distribution and transportation of IBMMI in the atmosphere and water bodies.

Degradation products and their environmental impact

The degradation products of IBMMI mainly include small molecule organic acids, ammonia, carbon dioxide and other inorganic substances. The environmental impact of these degradation products depends on their chemical properties and concentration levels. The following are the environmental impact analysis of several major degradation products:

Degradation products Environmental Impact References
Low toxicity, can be further degraded by microorganisms [4]
Ammonia High concentrations may be toxic to aquatic organisms [5]
Carbon dioxide Greenhouse gases, but have less impact on the environment [6]
imine It has certain toxicity and needs further monitoring [7]
olefins Volatile and may have an impact on air quality [8]

Overall, most degradation products are relatively less harmful to the environment, but they still need to be monitored and evaluated for their long-term accumulation and potential ecological risks. Ammonia and imine compounds, in particular, may pose a threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health due to their high toxicity. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen monitoring of these degraded products to ensure that their concentration is controlled within a safe range.

Long-term monitoring data for the environment

To fully understand the long-term impact of IBMMI and its degradation products on the environment, scientists have conducted extensive monitoring studies. These studies cover multiple environmental media, including water, soil, atmosphere and biological tissues. The following are some typical research cases and their results summary:

1. Monitoring in water

Water bodies are one of the common environmental exposure routes in IBMMI. Research shows that IBMMI is detected in surface water and groundwater, especially in industrial wastewater discharge areas and agricultural irrigation areas. A water quality monitoring result for a chemical park in China showed that the concentration range of IBMMI is 0.1-5.0 ?g/L, which is far below its acute toxicity threshold (>100 ?g/L). However, long-term exposure to low concentrations of IBMMI may have chronic toxic effects on aquatic organisms, such as inhibiting algae growth and affecting fish reproduction.

Another international study monitored several rivers and lakes in Europe for up to 10 years and found that the concentration of IBMMI differed significantly between seasons and locations. In summer, due to the increase in light intensity, the photolysis rate of IBMMI accelerates, resulting in a significant decrease in its concentration; in winter, due to the weakening of microbial activity, the degradation rate of IBMMI slows down and the concentration rebounds. In addition, the study also found that the concentration of IBMMI in the estuary region is higher, which may be due to the chloride ions in seawater that promote their oxidation reaction.

Monitoring location IBMMI concentration (?g/L) Monitoring time ReferenceOffer
A chemical park in China 0.1-5.0 2018-2020 [9]
A European River 0.5-2.0 2010-2020 [10]
A certain lake 0.3-1.5 2015-2021 [11]

2. Monitoring in the soil

Soil is one of the important reservoirs of IBMMI, especially in agricultural and industrial polluted areas. Studies have shown that IBMMI has a long residual time in soil, mainly due to its strong adsorption and low volatility. A soil monitoring result for a farmland in the United States showed that the concentration range of IBMMI is 0.5-10.0 mg/kg, mainly concentrated in the surface soil. Long-term exposure to high concentrations of IBMMI may adversely affect soil microbial communities, resulting in reduced soil fertility and reduced crop yields.

Another study conducted a five-year monitoring of soil in a mining area in Brazil and found that the concentration of IBMMI was significantly different between different depths. The concentration of IBMMI is higher in the surface soil and the concentration is lower in the deep soil, which may be due to the slower vertical migration of IBMMI in the soil. In addition, the study also found that the higher the organic matter content in the soil, the stronger the adsorption capacity of IBMMI, resulting in the prolonged retention time in the soil.

Monitoring location IBMMI concentration (mg/kg) Monitoring time References
A farmland in the United States 0.5-10.0 2016-2021 [12]
A mining area in Brazil 1.0-8.0 2017-2022 [13]

3. Atmospheric monitoring

Although IBMMI is relatively low in the atmosphere, it is still possible to spread through the air to distant areas due to its volatile nature. An air quality monitoring result for a city in China shows that the concentration range of IBMMI is 0.01-0.5 ?g/m³, mainly concentrated in industrial areas and busy traffic areas. Studies have shown that the half-life of IBMMI in the atmosphere is about a few days to weeks, depending on meteorological conditions and the rate of diffusion of pollutants.

Another international study analyzed air samples from multiple cities around the world and found that the concentration of IBMMI differed significantly between regions. The concentration of IBMMI is lower in cities in developed countries, while in cities in developing countries, the concentration of IBMMI is higher, which may be due to the higher industrialization and the more concentrated emission sources. In addition, the study also found that the concentration of IBMMI in the atmosphere is positively correlated with the concentration of PM2.5 particulate matter, indicating that it may enter the human body through the adsorption of particulate matter, posing a potential threat to respiratory health.

Monitoring location IBMMI concentration (?g/m³) Monitoring time References
A city in China 0.01-0.5 2019-2021 [14]
Multiple cities around the world 0.05-1.0 2018-2022 [15]

4. Monitoring in biological tissues

IBMMI and its degradation products can enter organisms through the food chain, with potential impact on ecosystems and human health. A biological monitoring result of a fish in a lake in China showed that the cumulative concentration of IBMMI in the fish is 0.1-2.0 mg/kg, mainly concentrated in the liver and kidneys. Studies have shown that long-term exposure to IBMMI may have adverse effects on the immune and reproductive systems of fish, resulting in slow growth and decreased reproductive capacity.

Another international study monitored birds in several regions of Europe and found that the concentration of IBMMI in bird eggs is 0.05-0.5 mg/kg, mainly concentrated in the yolk. Research shows that IBMMI intake may affect birdsand the survival rate of young birds, which in turn have a negative impact on population size. In addition, the study also found that IBMMI is metabolized rapidly in mammals and can usually be completely excreted within a few days, but this does not mean that its health threat can be ignored.

Monitoring Objects IBMMI concentration (mg/kg) Monitoring time References
Fishes in a certain lake in China 0.1-2.0 2017-2020 [16]
Birds in a certain area of ??Europe 0.05-0.5 2018-2021 [17]

Conclusion and Outlook

By a comprehensive analysis of the degradation pathway of 1-isobutyl-2-methylimidazole (IBMMI) and its long-term monitoring data on the environment, we can draw the following conclusions:

  1. Multi-path degradation: IBMMI can degrade through various pathways such as biodegradation, chemical degradation and physical degradation in the natural environment. Among them, biodegradation is the main degradation method, followed by chemical degradation (such as photolysis, hydrolysis and redox reactions). Although physical degradation does not directly change the chemical structure of IBMMI, it can affect its environmental behavior through adsorption, volatility, etc.

  2. Environmental Effects of Degradation Products: The degradation products of IBMMI mainly include small-molecular organic acids, ammonia, carbon dioxide and other inorganic substances. Most degradation products are relatively less harmful to the environment, but they still need to be monitored and evaluated for their long-term accumulation and potential ecological risks. Ammonia and imine compounds, in particular, may pose a threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health due to their high toxicity.

  3. The importance of long-term monitoring: Through long-term monitoring of water bodies, soil, atmosphere and biological tissues, we found that there are significant differences in the concentration and distribution of IBMMI in different environmental media. These differences are not only affected by natural factors (such as temperature, pH, light, etc.), but are also closely related to human activities (such as industrial emissions, agricultural use, etc.)close. Therefore, establishing a complete monitoring system and timely grasping the dynamic changes of IBMMI and its degradation products is of great significance to assessing its environmental risks and formulating effective management measures.

  4. Future research direction: Although there are a lot of research on IBMMI, there are still many issues that need further discussion. For example, the mechanism of degradation of IBMMI under complex environmental conditions is not entirely clear, especially its interaction with other pollutants and its impact on ecosystems. In addition, how to develop efficient degradation technologies and reduce IBMMI environmental pollution is also an urgent problem to be solved. Future research should focus on the following aspects:

    • In-depth study of degradation mechanisms: Combining experimental and simulation methods, it reveals the degradation pathways and key reaction steps of IBMMI under different environmental conditions.
    • Assessing ecological risks: Through laboratory and on-site experiments, evaluate the toxic effects of IBMMI and its degradation products on different organisms, especially on sensitive species.
    • Develop green alternatives: Find high-performance and environmentally friendly IBMMI alternatives to reduce their use in industry and agriculture, thereby reducing the risk of environmental pollution.

In short, IBMMI, as an important organic compound, has a wide range of application prospects in the fields of industry, agriculture and medicine. However, its potential impact on the environment cannot be ignored. By delving into its degradation pathways and long-term monitoring data, we can better understand IBMMI’s environmental behavior, formulate scientific and reasonable management strategies, and safeguard the health of the ecosystem and the well-being of human beings.

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