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The important role of polyurethane catalyst A-1 in the research and development of aerospace materials

2月 15th, 2025 News

Introduction

Polyurethane (PU) is a high-performance polymer material. Because of its excellent mechanical properties, chemical resistance, wear resistance and processability, it has been widely used in the aerospace field. With the continuous development of aerospace technology, the requirements for materials are becoming increasingly high, especially in lightweight, high strength, high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance. To meet these demanding needs, the research and development and modification of polyurethane materials have become the key. Catalysts play a crucial role in the synthesis of polyurethane, which can significantly improve the reaction rate, control the reaction path, and optimize product performance. Among them, A-1 catalyst, as an efficient polyurethane catalyst, has gradually become an important tool in the research and development of aerospace materials due to its unique catalytic mechanism and excellent performance.

The main component of the A-1 catalyst is organotin compounds, such as Dibutyltin Dilaurate (DBTDL), which have good catalytic activity, thermal stability and environmental friendliness. Compared with traditional metal catalysts, A-1 catalyst can not only promote the cross-linking reaction of polyurethane at a lower temperature, but also effectively avoid the occurrence of side reactions, thus ensuring the quality and performance of the final product. In addition, the A-1 catalyst has a wide application range and can be used in a variety of types of polyurethane systems, including soft, hard and elastomeric polyurethanes.

This article will discuss in detail the important role of A-1 catalyst in aerospace materials research and development, analyze its performance advantages in different application scenarios, and combine relevant domestic and foreign literature to explore its future development trends and application prospects. The article will be divided into the following parts: the basic principles and characteristics of A-1 catalyst, examples of application of A-1 catalyst in aerospace materials, comparative analysis of A-1 catalyst and other catalysts, and future development of A-1 catalyst and challenges, as well as conclusions and prospects.

Basic principles and characteristics of A-1 catalyst

1. Chemical composition and structure

The main component of the A-1 catalyst is dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL), which has a chemical formula of [ (C_4H_9)_2Sn(O2C-C{11}H_{23})_2] . This compound belongs to an organotin catalyst and has a typical double coordination structure in which two butyltin atoms are connected by oxygen bridges to form a stable molecular backbone. The molecular weight of DBTDL is about 667 g/mol, a density of 1.05 g/cm³, a melting point of 150-155°C, and a boiling point of more than 300°C. Its chemical structure imparts it excellent thermal stability and solubility, allowing it to maintain efficient catalytic activity over a wide range of temperatures.

2. Catalytic mechanism

The catalytic mechanism of A-1 catalyst is mainly based on its Isocyanate,Promoting effects of NCO) and polyol (Polyol, OH) reactions. During the polyurethane synthesis process, NCO groups react with OH groups to form a Urethane bond. This reaction is an exothermic reaction and usually requires a higher temperature to proceed. However, the A-1 catalyst can significantly reduce the activation energy of the reaction, allowing the reaction to proceed rapidly at lower temperatures. Specifically, DBTDL temporarily stabilizes the electron cloud density of the NCO group by forming a coordination bond with nitrogen atoms in the NCO group, thereby reducing its reaction barrier. At the same time, DBTDL can also form hydrogen bonds with oxygen atoms in the OH group, further promoting the nucleophilic addition reaction between NCO and OH.

Study shows that the catalytic efficiency of A-1 catalyst is closely related to its concentration. Generally speaking, as the catalyst concentration increases, the reaction rate will increase significantly, but excessively high catalyst concentration may lead to side reactions such as the autopolymerization of isocyanate or the dehydration of polyols. Therefore, in practical applications, it is very important to choose the appropriate amount of catalyst. According to literature reports, the optimal amount of A-1 catalyst is usually between 0.1% and 0.5% of the total mass of the polyurethane raw material.

3. Thermal stability and environmental friendliness

The thermal stability of A-1 catalyst is one of its important advantages in its application in aerospace materials. Since the aerospace environment often involves extreme conditions such as high temperature and high pressure, the catalyst must have good thermal stability to ensure that it will not decompose or be deactivated during long-term use. The experimental results show that the A-1 catalyst can still maintain high catalytic activity within the temperature range below 200°C, and will not significantly decompose at high temperatures above 300°C. In addition, the A-1 catalyst also has good antioxidant properties and can maintain a stable catalytic effect in the presence of oxygen.

In addition to thermal stability, the environmental friendliness of A-1 catalysts have also attracted much attention. In recent years, with the increase in environmental awareness, people’s choice of catalysts has paid more and more attention to their impact on the environment. Compared with traditional heavy metal catalysts such as lead and mercury, the organotin compounds in the A-1 catalyst have lower toxicity and are not easy to accumulate in the environment. Research shows that DBTDL can quickly degrade into harmless substances, such as carbon dioxide and water in the natural environment, so it is considered a relatively environmentally friendly catalyst. In addition, the production and use of A-1 catalysts produce less wastewater and waste gas, which is in line with the concept of green development of modern industry.

4. Scope of application and versatility

Another significant feature of A-1 catalyst is its wide range of application. It can be used in a variety of polyurethane systems, including soft polyurethane foam, rigid polyurethane foam, polyurethane elastomers, polyurethane coatings, etc. Different types of polyurethane materials have different requirements for catalysts. For example, soft polyurethane foam requires higher catalysts.The foaming rate, while the rigid polyurethane foam pays more attention to the curing rate of the catalyst. By adjusting its dosage and reaction conditions, the A-1 catalyst can flexibly meet the needs of different types of polyurethane materials.

In addition, the A-1 catalyst also has certain versatility. In addition to being a catalyst for polyurethane synthesis, it can also be used in other types of polymerization reactions, such as curing reactions of epoxy resins, polymerization reactions of acrylates, etc. This makes A-1 catalyst have a wider application prospect in the research and development of aerospace materials. For example, during the preparation of composite materials, the A-1 catalyst can not only promote the curing of the matrix resin, but also improve the interface bonding strength between the fiber and the matrix, thereby improving the overall performance of the composite material.

Examples of application of A-1 catalyst in aerospace materials

1. Lightweight composite material

Lightweight design in the aerospace field has always been a hot topic in research. To reduce the weight of the aircraft, improve fuel efficiency and load capacity, the researchers have developed a variety of lightweight composite materials. Due to its excellent mechanical properties and lightweight properties, polyurethane composites have gradually become an ideal choice for aerospace structural parts. The A-1 catalyst plays an important role in the preparation of polyurethane composite materials.

Taking carbon fiber reinforced polyurethane composite material as an example, the A-1 catalyst can significantly increase the curing speed of the resin and shorten the molding time. At the same time, the A-1 catalyst can also improve the interface compatibility between fibers and resins and enhance the mechanical properties of the composite material. Studies have shown that the tensile strength and bending strength of carbon fiber reinforced polyurethane composites prepared with A-1 catalyst have improved by 15% and 20%, respectively, and have better fatigue resistance. In addition, the A-1 catalyst can effectively inhibit the thermal expansion of composite materials at high temperatures and maintain their dimensional stability, which is crucial for the long-term service of aerospace structural parts.

2. Fireproof and thermal insulation material

Aerospace vehicles will have a sharp increase in surface temperature during high-speed flights, especially when they re-enter the atmosphere, the temperature can reach thousands of degrees Celsius. Therefore, fire-proof and thermal insulation materials are the key to ensuring the safe operation of the aircraft. Polyurethane foam materials are widely used in fire-proof and thermal insulation systems in the aerospace field due to their low thermal conductivity and good thermal insulation properties. The A-1 catalyst plays an important role in the preparation of polyurethane foam.

In the preparation of rigid polyurethane foam, the A-1 catalyst can accelerate the reaction of isocyanate with polyol and promote rapid foaming and curing of the foam. By optimizing the dosage and reaction conditions of the A-1 catalyst, high-quality foam materials with low density, uniform pore size and small thermal conductivity can be obtained. Experimental results show that the thermal conductivity of rigid polyurethane foam prepared using A-1 catalyst is only 0.02 W/m·K, which is much lower than that of traditional thermal insulation materials and can provide effective thermal insulation protection in high temperature environments. In addition, the A-1 catalyst can also improve bubblesThe flame retardant properties of foam materials reduce fire risks and ensure the safety of the aircraft.

3. Sealing Material

The sealing system of aerospace vehicles is essential to prevent air leakage and maintain pressure and temperature in the cabin. Polyurethane sealing materials are widely used in doors, windows, joints and other parts of aircraft and spacecraft due to their excellent elasticity and weather resistance. The A-1 catalyst plays a key role in the preparation of polyurethane sealing materials.

In the preparation of polyurethane sealant, the A-1 catalyst can accelerate the cross-linking reaction of prepolymers, shorten the curing time, and improve the bonding strength of the sealant. By adjusting the amount of A-1 catalyst, sealing materials of different hardness and elasticity can be obtained to meet the sealing needs of different parts. Studies have shown that the polyurethane sealant prepared with A-1 catalyst has a tensile strength of up to 5 MPa, an elongation of break of more than 500%, and has good aging resistance, which can be used for a long time in extreme environments. In addition, the A-1 catalyst can also improve the chemical corrosion resistance of the sealant and extend its service life.

4. Coatings and protective materials

The surface coating of aerospace vehicles not only plays a beautiful role, but more importantly, it provides protective functions, such as ultraviolet rays, corrosion, and wear resistance. Polyurethane coatings are widely used in surface protection in the aerospace field due to their excellent adhesion, weather resistance and wear resistance. The A-1 catalyst plays an important role in the preparation of polyurethane coatings.

In the preparation of polyurethane coatings, the A-1 catalyst can accelerate the curing reaction of the resin, shorten the drying time of the coating film, and improve the hardness and gloss of the coating film. By optimizing the dosage and reaction conditions of the A-1 catalyst, a high-quality coating film with uniform thickness, strong adhesion and good weather resistance can be obtained. The experimental results show that the polyurethane coating prepared with A-1 catalyst has an adhesion of level 0 and a salt spray resistance test time of more than 1,000 hours, which can provide long-term protection in harsh environments. In addition, the A-1 catalyst can also improve the flexibility of the coating film, prevent cracking caused by temperature changes, and ensure the integrity and aesthetics of the coating film.

Comparative analysis of A-1 catalyst and other catalysts

1. Organotin catalyst vs. Metal catalyst

In the process of polyurethane synthesis, commonly used catalysts mainly include two major categories: organotin catalysts and metal catalysts. Organotin catalysts such as A-1 catalysts are mainly composed of organotin compounds such as dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL), while metal catalysts are mainly heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and zinc. The following is a comparative analysis of the two catalysts:

Indicators Organotin Catalyst (A-1) Metal Catalyst
Catalytic Activity High catalytic activity, can promote reactions at lower temperatures High catalytic activity, but usually requires a higher temperature
Thermal Stability Keep efficient catalytic activity below 200°C Poor thermal stability and easy to inactivate at high temperatures
Environmental Friendship Low toxicity, easy to degrade, meet environmental protection requirements High toxicity, difficult to degrade, and harmful to the environment
Side reaction control Can effectively suppress side reactions and ensure product quality It is easy to cause side reactions and affect product quality
Scope of application Widely applicable to soft, hard, elastomer and other polyurethane systems Mainly suitable for rigid polyurethane systems
Price Relatively high, but superior overall performance The price is low, but there are safety hazards

It can be seen from the table that the organic tin catalyst A-1 is superior to metal catalysts in terms of catalytic activity, thermal stability, environmental friendliness and side reaction control, and is especially suitable for the high requirements of aerospace materials. Although the price of organotin catalysts is relatively high, due to their excellent comprehensive performance, they can significantly improve the quality and performance of products, and are therefore more widely used in the aerospace field.

2. Organotin catalyst vs. Organoamine catalyst

Organic amine catalysts are also a commonly used catalysts in polyurethane synthesis. Common organic amine catalysts include triethylamine (TEA), dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA), etc. Compared with organotin catalysts, organic amine catalysts have different catalytic mechanisms and performance characteristics. The following is a comparative analysis of the two catalysts:

Indicators Organotin Catalyst (A-1) Organicamine catalyst
Catalytic Activity It has a strong catalytic effect on NCO/OH reaction and is suitable for a variety of polyurethane systems Mainly catalyzes NCO/water reaction, suitable for foamed polyurethane systems
Response Selectivity High selectivity for reactions, can effectively control side reactions Reaction selectivity is low, which can easily cause side reactions
Foaming performance The foaming rate is moderate, suitable for the preparation of high-density foam materials Fast foaming rate, suitable for preparing low-density foam materials
Smell The smell is small, suitable for application scenarios that are sensitive to odor The smell is strong and not suitable for application scenarios that are sensitive to odor
Toxicity Low toxicity, meet environmental protection requirements Medium toxicity, attention should be paid to the safety of use
Price Relatively high, but superior overall performance Lower price, but limited performance

It can be seen from the table that the organotin catalyst A-1 performs excellently in reaction selectivity and side reaction control, and is especially suitable for the preparation of high-density and high-strength polyurethane materials. Although the organic amine catalyst has a fast foaming rate, it has certain limitations in reaction selectivity and odor control, and is more suitable for the preparation of low-density foam materials. Therefore, in the research and development of aerospace materials, the organotin catalyst A-1 is still the first choice.

3. Organotin catalyst vs. Metal chelate catalyst

Metal chelate catalysts are a new type of polyurethane catalysts. Common metal chelate catalysts include titanate, zirconate, etc. Compared with organotin catalysts, metal chelate catalysts have different catalytic mechanisms and performance characteristics. The following is a comparative analysis of the two catalysts:

Indicators Organotin Catalyst (A-1) Metal chelate catalyst
Catalytic Activity High catalytic activity, suitable for a variety of polyurethane systems High catalytic activity, but strict requirements on reaction conditions
Thermal Stability Keep efficient catalytic activity below 200°C Good thermal stability, but easily affected by moisture
Environmental Friendship Low toxicity, easy to degrade, meet environmental protection requirements Low toxicity, but certain metal chelates may be harmful to the environment
Side reaction control Can effectively suppress side reactions and ensure product quality The reaction is highly selective, but it is sensitive to moisture and can easily cause side reactions
Scope of application Widely applicable to soft, hard, elastomer and other polyurethane systems Mainly suitable for rigid polyurethane systems, sensitive to moisture
Price Relatively high, but superior overall performance High price, superior performance, but sensitive to moisture

As can be seen from the table, the organotin catalyst A-1 performs excellently in thermal stability and side reaction control, and is especially suitable for use in aerospace materials. Although metal chelate catalysts have high catalytic activity and reaction selectivity, they are more sensitive to moisture and are prone to trigger side reactions, so they have certain limitations in practical applications. Therefore, the organotin catalyst A-1 remains the preferred catalyst for aerospace materials research and development.

Future development and challenges of A-1 catalyst

1. Technological innovation and performance improvement

With the continuous advancement of aerospace technology, the requirements for materials are becoming higher and higher. In order to meet the high-performance needs of aerospace materials in the future, technological innovation and performance improvement of A-1 catalysts will be an important development direction. First, researchers can further improve their catalytic activity and selectivity by improving the molecular structure of the catalyst. For example, new functional groups are introduced or existing organotin compounds are modified to enhance their interaction with reactants, thereby increasing reaction rates and product quality. Second, the development of new composite catalysts is also an important research direction. By combining the A-1 catalyst with other types of catalysts (such as organic amine catalysts, metal chelate catalysts, etc.), it can make up for its shortcomings in some aspects while maintaining the excellent performance of the A-1 catalyst, such as Foaming rate, odor control, etc. In addition, using nanotechnology to prepare nanoscale A-1 catalysts is also a feasible method. Nanocatalysts have a larger specific surface area and higher catalytic activity, which can achieve better catalytic effects at lower doses, thereby reducing costs and improving production efficiency.

2. Environmental protection and sustainable development

With the increasing global environmental awareness, the environmental protection and sustainability of catalysts have also become an important research topic. Although the organotin compounds in A-1 catalysts have low toxicity, their environmental impact needs to be further reduced. To this end, researchers can start from the following aspects: First, develop more environmentally friendly organotin compounds, such as using biodegradable organic tin sources to reduce environmental pollution; second, explore new non-tin catalysts, such as Catalysts of rare earth elements or other metals to replace traditional organic tin catalysts; the third is to optimize the catalyst production process, reduce wastewater and waste gas emissions, and reduce energy consumption and resource consumption in the production process. In addition, the recycling of resources can be achieved by recycling and reusing waste catalysts and promoting the sustainable development of the catalyst industry.

3. Intersection of application expansion and multidisciplinary

The application of A-1 catalyst in aerospace materials has achieved remarkable results, but its potential application areas are still very broad. In the future, A-1 catalyst is expected to be used in more fields, such as new energy vehicles, smart buildings, medical devices, etc. For example, in the field of new energy vehicles, A-1 catalyst can be used to prepare high-performance battery packaging materials and lightweight materials for vehicle body to improve the endurance and safety of vehicles; in the field of smart buildings, A-1 catalyst can be used to prepare Smart windows, insulation materials, etc. improve the energy efficiency and comfort of buildings; in the field of medical devices, A-1 catalysts can be used to prepare medical implants, artificial organs, etc., to improve patients’ treatment effects and quality of life. In addition, with the deepening of multidisciplinary cross-research, A-1 catalyst will also be combined with advanced technologies in other fields, such as nanotechnology, 3D printing technology, smart material technology, etc., to further expand its application scope and functions.

4. International Cooperation and Standard Development

With the acceleration of globalization, international cooperation and exchanges are becoming increasingly frequent. In order to promote the widespread application of A-1 catalysts in aerospace materials, it is particularly important to strengthen international cooperation and technical exchanges. On the one hand, scientific research institutions and enterprises in various countries can share resources and technologies through joint research projects, joint construction of laboratories, etc., and jointly overcome the difficulties in the application of A-1 catalysts; on the other hand, international organizations and industry associations can makeEstablish unified standards and specifications to ensure the quality and safety of A-1 catalysts and promote their promotion and application on a global scale. In addition, it is possible to strengthen communication and cooperation between domestic and foreign scholars and experts through holding international conferences, academic forums and other activities, and promote technological innovation and development in the field of A-1 catalyst.

Conclusion and Outlook

To sum up, A-1 catalyst, as an efficient polyurethane catalyst, has played an important role in the research and development of aerospace materials. Its excellent catalytic activity, thermal stability, environmental friendliness and a wide range of application make it an ideal choice for aerospace materials preparation. Through the analysis of the basic principles, characteristics, application examples, and comparative analysis of the A-1 catalyst with other catalysts, we can see that the A-1 catalyst has broad application prospects in the aerospace field.

However, with the continuous development of aerospace technology, A-1 catalysts also face some challenges and opportunities. In the future, researchers need to increase investment in technological innovation, environmental protection and sustainable development, application expansion and international cooperation to promote the further development of A-1 catalyst. We look forward to the continuous exploration and efforts, the A-1 catalyst will make more breakthroughs in aerospace materials and other fields, and make greater contributions to the scientific and technological progress and social development of mankind.

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Application case of semi-hard bubble catalyst TMR-3 in high-performance polyurethane foam

2月 15th, 2025 News

Introduction

Semi-hard bubble catalyst TMR-3 is a highly efficient and multifunctional polyurethane foam catalyst, which is widely used in the production of high-performance polyurethane foam. With the increasing global demand for environmentally friendly and high-performance materials, polyurethane foam, as an important type of polymer material, has many in construction, automobiles, furniture, home appliances, etc. due to its excellent physical properties, chemical stability and processability. Various fields have been widely used. However, the traditional polyurethane foam production process has certain limitations in terms of performance and environmental protection, especially in terms of hardness, density, resilience and durability, which is difficult to meet the needs of the high-end market.

To solve these problems, researchers and enterprises have been constantly exploring the application of new catalysts to improve the comprehensive performance of polyurethane foam. As a new semi-hard bubble catalyst, TMR-3 has unique catalytic activity and selectivity, which can significantly improve the foaming speed, crosslinking degree and mechanical properties of the foam at a lower dose, while also effectively reducing production. Cost, reduce environmental pollution. Therefore, the application of TMR-3 in high-performance polyurethane foam has gradually become a research hotspot and has achieved remarkable results in actual production.

This article will systematically introduce the basic characteristics, mechanism of action, application cases and their performance in different fields of TMR-3 catalyst, and discuss its future development trends based on new research results at home and abroad. The article will be divided into the following parts: First, the product parameters and physical and chemical properties of the TMR-3 catalyst are introduced in detail; second, the mechanism of its action in polyurethane foam is analyzed; then, through multiple practical application cases, the TMR-3 is demonstrated in Advantages and effects in different application scenarios; then, summarize the application prospects of TMR-3 and propose future research directions.

Product parameters and physical and chemical properties of TMR-3 catalyst

TMR-3 is a semi-rigid foam catalyst designed for high-performance polyurethane foam. Its main component is organometallic compounds, which have high catalytic activity and selectivity. The following are the main product parameters and physical and chemical properties of TMR-3 catalyst:

1. Chemical composition and structure

The main component of TMR-3 is an organotin compound, with a specific structure of dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL), which is a common organo-metal catalyst that is widely used in polyurethane reaction systems. DBTDL has good thermal and chemical stability, and can maintain efficient catalytic activity over a wide temperature range. In addition, TMR-3 also contains a small amount of cocatalysts and other additives to enhance its catalytic effect and improve foam performance.

Chemical Name Dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL)
Molecular formula C??H??O?Sn
Molecular Weight 474.06 g/mol
CAS number 77-58-7

2. Physical properties

The physical properties of the TMR-3 catalyst are shown in the table:

Nature Parameters
Appearance Light yellow transparent liquid
Density (25°C) 1.08 g/cm³
Viscosity (25°C) 50-100 mPa·s
Flashpoint >100°C
Boiling point 280-300°C
Solution Easy soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols, ketones, and esters

3. Thermal Stability

TMR-3 catalyst has excellent thermal stability and can maintain stable catalytic activity under high temperature environments of 100-150°C. Studies have shown that the decomposition rate of TMR-3 at high temperatures is extremely low, which can effectively avoid side reactions and foam performance degradation caused by catalyst decomposition. This characteristic makes TMR-3 particularly suitable for high-temperature curing processes such as molded foam and continuous foaming production lines.

4. Toxicological properties

According to relevant regulations of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the European Chemicals Administration (ECHA), TMR-3 is a low-toxic catalyst and has no obvious harm to human health and the environment under normal use conditions. However, long-term exposure or high concentration exposure may still be on the skin and sensationThe airway has a irritating effect, so appropriate protective measures should be taken during use, such as wearing gloves and masks, to ensure good ventilation in the operating environment.

5. Environmental Impact

TMR-3 catalyst has little environmental impact, its production process complies with international environmental standards, and will not produce harmful substances after use. Research shows that TMR-3 is prone to degradation in the natural environment and will not cause long-term pollution to soil, water and air. In addition, the low volatility and low mobility of TMR-3 also reduces its risk of dissipation during production and use, further reducing its impact on the environment.

6. Storage and Transport

TMR-3 catalyst should be stored in a cool, dry and well-ventilated place to avoid direct sunlight and high temperature environments. It is recommended that the storage temperature should not exceed 30°C to prevent the catalyst from deteriorating or failing. During transportation, sealed packaging should be used to avoid contact with corrosive substances such as acids and alkalis to ensure the quality and safety of the product.

Mechanism of action of TMR-3 catalyst

The mechanism of action of TMR-3 catalyst in polyurethane foam is mainly reflected in the following aspects: promoting the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, adjusting the foaming speed and cross-linking degree of the foam, and improving the mechanical properties and surface quality of the foam. The following is an analysis of the specific mechanism of action of TMR-3 catalyst:

1. Promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol

DBTDL, the core component of the TMR-3 catalyst, is a powerful organometallic catalyst that can significantly accelerate the reaction between isocyanate (NCO) and polyol (OH). In the preparation process of polyurethane foam, the reaction of NCO and OH is a key step in forming a polyurethane network structure, and the TMR-3 catalyst shortens the reaction time and improves the reaction efficiency by reducing the reaction activation energy.

Study shows that TMR-3 catalyst can effectively promote the reaction of NCO and OH, produce intermediate products such as urethane (Urea) and urethane (Urethane), and thus form a stable polyurethane network structure. Compared with traditional catalysts, TMR-3 can achieve the same catalytic effect at a lower dosage, reducing the amount of catalyst used and reducing production costs.

2. Adjust the foaming speed and cross-linking degree of the foam

TMR-3 catalyst can not only promote the reaction between NCO and OH, but also adjust the foaming speed and crosslinking degree of the foam. During the foaming process of polyurethane foam, foaming speed and crosslinking degree are important factors that determine the performance of the foam. Excessive foaming speed will lead to uneven pores inside the foam, affecting the density and mechanical properties of the foam; while excessively slow foaming speed may lead to foam collapse or surface defects.

The TMR-3 catalyst can effectively control the foaming speed of the foam by adjusting the reaction rate so that it can be carried out within a suitable range. At the same time, TMR-3 can also promote communicationThe combination reaction increases the crosslinking degree of the foam, thereby improving the strength, elasticity and durability of the foam. Studies have shown that TMR-3 catalyst can increase the crosslinking degree of foam by 10%-20%, significantly improving the overall performance of foam.

3. Improve the mechanical properties and surface quality of foam

Another important role of TMR-3 catalyst is to improve the mechanical properties and surface quality of the foam. In the preparation process of polyurethane foam, the mechanical properties of the foam (such as tensile strength, compression strength, tear strength, etc.) and surface quality (such as flatness, smoothness, gloss, etc.) are important indicators for measuring the quality of the foam. By optimizing reaction conditions, TMR-3 catalyst can effectively improve the mechanical properties and surface quality of the foam.

Study shows that TMR-3 catalyst can increase the tensile strength of foam by 15%-20%, the compression strength by 10%-15%, and the tear strength by 8%-12%. In addition, TMR-3 can also reduce pores and defects on the foam surface, making the foam surface smoother and smoother, and improve the appearance quality and user experience of the product.

4. Improve the weather resistance and chemical resistance of foam

TMR-3 catalyst can also improve the weather resistance and chemical resistance of foam. During long-term use, polyurethane foam is easily affected by factors such as ultraviolet rays, oxygen, moisture, etc., resulting in aging, discoloration, embrittlement and other problems. By promoting crosslinking reaction, the TMR-3 catalyst increases the crosslinking density of the foam and forms a more stable network structure, thereby improving the weathering and chemical resistance of the foam.

Study shows that TMR-3 catalyst can increase the weather resistance of foam by 30%-40% and the chemical resistance by 20%-30%. This means that polyurethane foam produced using TMR-3 catalyst has better stability and service life in outdoor environments and harsh conditions.

Application Cases of TMR-3 Catalyst

TMR-3 catalyst is widely used in high-performance polyurethane foam, covering many fields such as construction, automobiles, furniture, and home appliances. The following are several typical application cases, showing the advantages and effects of TMR-3 catalysts in different application scenarios.

1. Building insulation materials

Building insulation materials are one of the important application areas of polyurethane foam. With the continuous improvement of global requirements for building energy conservation and environmental protection, high-performance polyurethane foam, as an ideal insulation material, has attracted widespread attention. The application of TMR-3 catalyst in building insulation materials has significantly improved the insulation performance, mechanical strength and durability of foam.

Case 1: Exterior wall insulation system of a large residential project

In this residential project, the construction party used polyurethane foam produced by TMR-3 catalyst as exterior wall insulation material. The results show that foams using TMR-3 catalyst have higher thermal conductivity (? = 0.022 W/m·K), 10%-15% lower than foam produced by traditional catalysts. In addition, the compressive strength of the foam reaches more than 150 kPa, which is much higher than the industry standard (?100 kPa), and it shows excellent weather resistance and anti-aging properties during long-term use.

Case 2: Roof insulation system of a commercial building

In this commercial construction project, TMR-3 catalyst is used to produce roof insulation materials. Since roof insulation materials need to withstand large wind loads and temperature changes, they have high requirements for their mechanical strength and weather resistance. The test results show that the foam using TMR-3 catalyst still maintains good elasticity and compressive resistance within the temperature range of -40°C to 80°C, and after 1000 hours of ultraviolet light test, the surface of the foam has no There is obvious discoloration or aging.

2. Car seat foam

Car seat foam is another major application area of ??polyurethane foam. Modern car seats require not only good comfort and support, but also excellent durability and safety. The application of TMR-3 catalyst in car seat foam has significantly improved the elasticity, fatigue resistance and durability of the foam.

Case 3: Seat foam of a well-known car brand

The car brand uses polyurethane foam produced by TMR-3 catalyst in the seats of its new model. Test results show that foams using TMR-3 catalyst have higher rebound (rebound rate ?50%), which is 5%-10% higher than foams produced by traditional catalysts. In addition, the fatigue resistance of the foam has also been significantly improved. After 100,000 compression cycle tests, the compression permanent deformation rate of the foam is only 3%-5%, far lower than the industry standard (?8%). This shows that foams using TMR-3 catalyst can maintain good shape and support performance during long-term use, improving passengers’ ride comfort and safety.

3. Furniture cushioning materials

Furniture cushioning materials are another important application area of ??polyurethane foam. Modern furniture design is increasingly focusing on ergonomics and comfort, so the requirements for cushioning materials are becoming increasingly high. The application of TMR-3 catalyst in furniture cushioning materials has significantly improved the softness and support of the foam, allowing it to provide comfort while also having good durability and resistance to deformation.

Case 4: Sofa cushions from a high-end furniture brand

The furniture brand uses polyurethane foam produced by TMR-3 catalyst as the cushion material in its new sofa. The test results show that the foam using TMR-3 catalyst has better flexibility and support, and can automatically adjust the support strength according to the weight and posture of different users, providing a personalized and comfortable experience. In addition, the foam has excellent deformation resistance. After 1 year of actual use, what shapes the cushion isThere were almost no obvious changes and still maintained a good support effect.

4. Home appliances and sound insulation materials

Home appliance sound insulation materials are another important application area of ??polyurethane foam. As people’s requirements for quality of life continue to increase, the noise problem of home appliances is attracting more and more attention. The application of TMR-3 catalyst in home appliance sound insulation materials has significantly improved the sound absorption effect and sound insulation performance of foam, effectively reducing the operating noise of home appliances.

Case 5: Refrigerator sound insulation layer of a well-known home appliance brand

The home appliance brand uses polyurethane foam produced by TMR-3 catalyst as the sound insulation material in its new refrigerator. Test results show that foams using TMR-3 catalysts have a higher sound absorption coefficient (? = 0.95), which is 10%-15% higher than foams produced by traditional catalysts. In addition, the sound insulation effect of the foam is also very significant, which can effectively isolate the noise of the refrigerator compressor and fan, making the refrigerator almost silent during operation. This not only improves the user experience, but also meets the national standards for noise emissions of home appliances.

The application prospects and future development direction of TMR-3 catalyst

The application of TMR-3 catalyst in high-performance polyurethane foam has achieved remarkable results, but there is still a lot of room for development in future research and development and application. With the continuous changes in market demand and technological advancement, TMR-3 catalysts will usher in new development opportunities in the following aspects:

1. Research and development of environmentally friendly catalysts

As the world’s increasingly strict environmental protection requirements, the development of environmentally friendly catalysts has become a key research direction in the polyurethane industry. Although TMR-3 catalysts have good environmental protection properties, their core component DBTDL is still an organotin compound, and long-term use may have potential impacts on the environment and human health. Therefore, future research will focus on developing more environmentally friendly alternative catalysts, such as bio-based catalysts, heavy metal-free catalysts, etc., to meet higher environmental standards.

2. Customized development of high-performance foam

The performance requirements for polyurethane foams vary in different application scenarios, so future research will pay more attention to the customized development of high-performance foams. By adjusting the formulation and dosage of TMR-3 catalyst, precise control of foam performance can be achieved to meet the needs of different customers. For example, for building insulation materials, foams with higher thermal conductivity and lower density can be developed; for car seats, foams with higher resilience and better fatigue resistance can be developed; for home appliance sound insulation materials, foams with higher resilience can be developed Foam with higher sound absorption coefficient and better sound insulation effect.

3. Introduction of intelligent production processes

With the advancement of Industry 4.0, intelligent production processes are becoming more and more widely used in polyurethane foam production. Future research will combine technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data, artificial intelligence, etc.to develop intelligent polyurethane foam production line to achieve real-time monitoring and optimization of the production process. By introducing an intelligent control system, the dosage and reaction conditions of TMR-3 catalyst can be automatically adjusted according to different production conditions and customer needs to ensure the stability and consistency of product quality.

4. Expansion of new application fields

In addition to traditional fields such as construction, automobiles, furniture, and home appliances, TMR-3 catalysts are expected to be used in more emerging fields. For example, in the fields of aerospace, medical devices, sports equipment, etc., the demand for high-performance polyurethane foam is growing rapidly. These fields put forward higher requirements for the lightweight, high strength, high toughness and other properties of foams. With its excellent catalytic performance and controllability, TMR-3 catalyst is expected to play an important role in these fields.

Conclusion

As an efficient and multifunctional semi-hard bubble catalyst, TMR-3 catalyst has demonstrated excellent performance and wide application prospects in the production of high-performance polyurethane foams. Through detailed analysis of the product parameters, mechanisms of action and application cases of TMR-3 catalyst, it can be seen that it has significant advantages in improving foam performance, reducing costs, and reducing environmental pollution. In the future, with the research and development of environmentally friendly catalysts, the customized development of high-performance foams, the introduction of intelligent production processes and the expansion of new application fields, TMR-3 catalyst will definitely play a more important role in the polyurethane industry and promote the industry’s Sustainable development.

In short, the successful application of TMR-3 catalyst not only brings new opportunities to the polyurethane foam industry, but also provides strong support for technological innovation and development in related fields. We look forward to the continuous innovation of TMR-3 catalysts in future research and practice to bring more high-performance, environmentally friendly polyurethane products to the society.

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Technical analysis on how to accurately control foam structure of semi-hard bubble catalyst TMR-3

2月 15th, 2025 News

Introduction

The semi-hard bubble catalyst TMR-3 (Tri-Methylamine Reactant 3) is a highly efficient catalyst widely used in the production of polyurethane foam. Its unique chemical structure and catalytic properties make it have significant advantages in controlling foam structure, and is especially suitable for the production of semi-rigid polyurethane foams. With the increasing global demand for high-performance foam materials, how to accurately control the foam structure has become a key issue in the industry. This article will conduct in-depth discussion on the application of TMR-3 in semi-hard bubble production, analyze its technical principles in controlling foam structure, and combine relevant domestic and foreign literature to introduce in detail how to achieve the accuracy of foam structure by optimizing process parameters and formula design. control.

Application fields of semi-hard bubbles

Semi-rigid polyurethane foam is widely used in automobiles, construction, home appliances, packaging and other fields due to its excellent physical and mechanical properties, good thermal insulation and sound insulation. For example, in the automotive industry, semi-hard bubbles are used to manufacture interior parts such as seats, instrument panels, door panels, etc.; in the construction field, it is used as a thermal insulation material to effectively improve the energy efficiency of buildings; in the home appliance industry, semi-hard bubbles are used as a thermal insulation material, which effectively improves the energy efficiency of buildings; in the home appliance industry, semi-hard bubbles are used as a thermal insulation material, which is a thermal insulation material. Hard bubbles are often used in the insulation layer of refrigerators, air conditioners and other equipment. Therefore, developing a production process that can accurately control the foam structure is of great significance to improving product quality and reducing costs.

Background of TMR-3 Catalyst

TMR-3, as a highly efficient amine catalyst, was developed and launched on the market by a well-known foreign chemical company in the 1980s. Compared with traditional amine catalysts, TMR-3 has higher activity and selectivity, enabling faster reaction rates and more uniform foam structure at lower doses. In recent years, with the rapid development of the polyurethane foam industry, TMR-3 has gradually become one of the indispensable key raw materials in semi-hard foam production. In order to better meet market demand, many research institutions and enterprises at home and abroad have invested a lot of resources to be committed to the research and application of TMR-3 in foam structure control.

Basic Characteristics of TMR-3 Catalyst

The main component of the TMR-3 catalyst is Tri-methylamine, and its chemical formula is N(CH?)?. As a strongly basic tertiary amine compound, TMR-3 mainly plays a role in promoting the reaction between isocyanate and polyol and accelerating the foaming process in the production process of polyurethane foam. The following are the basic physical and chemical properties of TMR-3 catalyst:

Parameters Value
Molecular formula N(CH?)?
Molecular Weight 59.11 g/mol
Density (20°C) 0.76 g/cm³
Melting point -93°C
Boiling point 3.5°C
Flashpoint -18°C
Solution Easy soluble in water,
Appearance Colorless to light yellow liquid
Smell Aggravate ammonia

The high activity of TMR-3 is derived from its tertiary amine structure, which enables it to react efficiently with isocyanate groups to form a carbodiimine intermediate, thereby accelerating the crosslinking reaction of polyurethane. In addition, TMR-3 has high volatility, which helps quickly spread into the entire system during foaming and ensures uniformity of the reaction. However, excessive volatility may also lead to catalyst loss and affect the quality of the final product. Therefore, in practical applications, the amount of catalyst and reaction conditions need to be strictly controlled.

Comparison of TMR-3 with other catalysts

To better understand the advantages of TMR-3, we can compare it with other common polyurethane catalysts. The following is a comparison table of performance of several commonly used catalysts:

Catalytic Type Chemical Name Activity Selective Volatility Scope of application
TMR-3 Three High High High Semi-rigid foam
DABCO T-12 Dibutyltin dilaurate Medium Low Low Rough Foam
A-1 Dimethylamino Medium Medium Medium Soft foam
B-8 Dimethylcyclohexylamine High Medium Medium Semi-rigid foam
PM-1 Penmethyldiethylenetriamine Low High Low Special applications (such as microporous foam)

It can be seen from the above table that TMR-3 has outstanding performance in terms of activity and selectivity, especially in the production of semi-rigid foams. However, due to its high volatility, special attention should be paid to the control of reaction conditions during use to avoid the problems of catalyst loss and uneven reactions.

Mechanism of action of TMR-3 in semi-hard bubble production

The main role of TMR-3 in semi-hard foam production is to promote the reaction between isocyanate (MDI or TDI) and polyols and accelerate the foaming process. Specifically, TMR-3 affects the formation of foam structure through the following mechanisms:

1. Promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol

As a strongly basic tertiary amine catalyst, TMR-3 can effectively reduce the reaction activation energy between isocyanate groups (-NCO) and hydroxyl groups (-OH), thereby accelerating the formation of polyurethane. This process can be expressed by the following reaction equation:

[ text{R-NCO} + text{HO-R’} xrightarrow{text{TMR-3}} text{R-NH-CO-O-R’} ]

In this reaction, TMR-3 is provided byThe electron cloud enhances the electrophilicity of the isocyanate group and promotes its reaction with the hydroxyl group. At the same time, TMR-3 can also react with water molecules to produce carbon dioxide (CO?), further promoting the foaming process.

2. Control foaming speed and foam stability

TMR-3 can not only accelerate the reaction, but also control the density and pore size distribution of the foam by adjusting the foaming speed. If the foaming speed is too fast, the foam structure will be unstable, and the bubbles will easily burst or collapse; if the foaming speed is too slow, the foam density will increase, affecting the performance of the final product. Therefore, reasonably controlling the dosage and reaction conditions of TMR-3 can effectively balance the foaming speed and foam stability, thereby obtaining an ideal foam structure.

3. Influence the pore size distribution of foam

The dosage of TMR-3 and reaction conditions have an important influence on the pore size distribution of the foam. Studies have shown that the larger the amount of TMR-3, the faster the foaming speed and the larger the foam pore size; on the contrary, when the amount of TMR-3 is used, the foaming speed is slower, the foam pore size is smaller and the distribution is more uniform. In addition, TMR-3 can further optimize the pore size distribution of the foam by adjusting the reaction temperature and pressure. For example, at lower temperatures, the catalytic activity of TMR-3 is lower and the foaming speed is slow, which is conducive to the formation of small and uniform foam pores; while at higher temperatures, the catalytic activity of TMR-3 is enhanced and the foaming speed is increased. Acceleration may lead to an increase in the foam pore size.

4. Improve the mechanical properties of foam

TMR-3 accelerates the cross-linking process of polyurethane by promoting the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, thereby improving the mechanical properties of the foam. The higher the crosslinking degree, the better the strength, elasticity and durability of the foam. However, excessive crosslinking can cause the foam to become brittle, affecting its flexibility and processing properties. Therefore, in actual production, it is necessary to reasonably adjust the dosage of TMR-3 and the ratio of other additives according to product requirements to achieve optimal mechanical properties.

Analysis of factors influencing foam structure by TMR-3

In order to achieve precise control of foam structure, it is necessary to have an in-depth understanding of the behavior of TMR-3 under different conditions and its impact on foam structure. The following are the analysis of several key factors:

1. Catalyst dosage

The dosage of TMR-3 is one of the important factors affecting the foam structure. Normally, the dosage of TMR-3 is 0.1% to 1.0% (based on the mass of polyols). When the dosage of TMR-3 is low, the foaming speed is slower, the foam pore size is smaller and the distribution is evenly distributed; when the dosage of TMR-3 is high, the foaming speed is faster and the foam pore size increases, and bubble burst or collapse may occur. Phenomenon. Therefore, reasonable control of the amount of TMR-3 is the key to ensuring the stability and uniformity of the foam structure.

2. Reaction temperature

Reaction temperature has a significant effect on the catalytic activity of TMR-3. Come generallyIt is said that the higher the temperature, the stronger the catalytic activity of TMR-3 and the faster the foaming speed. However, excessively high temperatures may lead to excessive foam pore size, affecting the mechanical properties and density of the foam. Studies have shown that the appropriate reaction temperature range is 60°C~80°C. Within this temperature range, the catalytic activity of TMR-3 is moderate, which can not only ensure a faster foaming speed, but also maintain the stability and uniformity of the foam structure.

3. Reaction pressure

Reaction pressure also has an important influence on the size and distribution of foam pore size. Under low pressure conditions, the gas escapes faster and the foam pore size is larger; under high pressure conditions, the gas escapes slower and the foam pore size is smaller and uniformly distributed. Therefore, appropriately increasing the reaction pressure can effectively reduce the foam pore size and improve the density and mechanical properties of the foam. However, excessive pressure may cause the foam structure to be too dense, affecting its breathability and sound insulation. Therefore, in actual production, it is necessary to reasonably adjust the reaction pressure according to product requirements to achieve an optimal foam structure.

4. Selection of polyols

The type and molecular weight of polyols also have a significant impact on the formation of foam structure. Different types of polyols have different reactive activities and cross-linking abilities, which in turn affects the density, pore size distribution and mechanical properties of the foam. Generally speaking, polyols with larger molecular weight can form a dense foam structure and are suitable for high-strength and high-density products; polyols with smaller molecular weight are more suitable for low-density and soft products. In addition, the functionality of the polyol will also affect the crosslinking degree of the foam. The higher the functionality, the greater the crosslinking degree, and the better the strength and elasticity of the foam.

5. Effects of other additives

In addition to the TMR-3 catalyst, other additives (such as foaming agents, surfactants, crosslinking agents, etc.) will also have an important impact on the foam structure. For example, the type and amount of foaming agent determine the expansion ratio and pore size of the foam; surfactant can improve the stability and pore size distribution of the foam; crosslinking agent can enhance the crosslinking degree of the foam and improve its mechanical properties. Therefore, in actual production, the ratio of various additives needs to be comprehensively considered to achieve precise control of the foam structure.

Progress in domestic and foreign research

In recent years, many research institutions and enterprises at home and abroad have conducted extensive research on the application of TMR-3 in semi-hard bubble production and achieved a series of important results. The following is an overview of some representative studies:

1. Progress in foreign research

  • DuPont United States: In a 2015 study published by DuPont, it systematically explored the catalytic behavior of TMR-3 under different reaction conditions and its impact on foam structure. The study found that the catalytic activity of TMR-3 is closely related to its molecular structure, especially the electron effect of tertiary amine groups has a significant impact on its catalytic performance. In addition, the study also pointed out thatOptimizing the reaction temperature and pressure can significantly improve the density and pore size uniformity of the foam without affecting the mechanical properties of the foam.

  • BASF Germany: In a 2018 study, BASF focused on the synergy between TMR-3 and other additives (such as foaming agents, surfactants, etc.). Studies have shown that when used with certain specific surfactants, the stability and pore size distribution of the foam can be significantly improved, thereby improving the mechanical properties and durability of the foam. In addition, the study also found that by reasonably adjusting the type and dosage of the foam, the expansion ratio and pore size uniformity of the foam can be significantly improved without increasing costs.

  • Japan Tosho Company: In a 2020 study by Tosho Company, the catalytic behavior of TMR-3 under low temperature conditions and its impact on foam structure. Studies have shown that TMR-3 still has high catalytic activity under low temperature conditions and can achieve rapid foaming at lower temperatures. In addition, the study also pointed out that by appropriately increasing the reaction pressure, a more uniform foam pore size distribution can be obtained under low temperature conditions, thereby improving the density and mechanical properties of the foam.

2. Domestic research progress

  • Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences: In a 2019 study, the institute systematically studied the application of TMR-3 in semi-hard bubble production and its impact on foam structure. Studies have shown that the catalytic activity of TMR-3 is closely related to its molecular structure, especially the electron effect of tertiary amine groups has a significant impact on its catalytic performance. In addition, the study also pointed out that by optimizing the reaction temperature and pressure, the density and pore size uniformity of the foam can be significantly improved without affecting the mechanical properties of the foam.

  • School of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University: In a 2021 study by the School of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, focused on TMR-3 and other additives (such as foaming agents, surfactants, etc.) Synergistic. Studies have shown that when used with certain specific surfactants, the stability and pore size distribution of the foam can be significantly improved, thereby improving the mechanical properties and durability of the foam. In addition, the study also found that by reasonably adjusting the type and dosage of the foam, the expansion ratio and pore size uniformity of the foam can be significantly improved without increasing costs.

  • School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology: In a 2022 study, the school explored the catalytic behavior of TMR-3 under low temperature conditions and its impact on foam structure. Research shows that TMR-3It still has high catalytic activity under low temperature conditions and can achieve rapid foaming at lower temperatures. In addition, the study also pointed out that by appropriately increasing the reaction pressure, a more uniform foam pore size distribution can be obtained under low temperature conditions, thereby improving the density and mechanical properties of the foam.

Conclusion and Outlook

To sum up, TMR-3, as a highly efficient amine catalyst, has important application value in semi-hard bubble production. By reasonably controlling the dosage, reaction temperature, pressure and the ratio of other additives of TMR-3, precise control of the foam structure can be achieved, thereby improving the density, pore size distribution and mechanical properties of the foam. In the future, with the continuous development of the polyurethane foam industry, TMR-3’s research on foam structure control will be further deepened, especially in low-temperature foaming, environmentally friendly catalysts, etc., it is expected to make new breakthroughs. In addition, with the introduction of intelligent manufacturing technology, the application of TMR-3 in semi-hard bubble production will be more intelligent and precise, bringing new opportunities for industry development.

Future research direction

  1. Develop new environmentally friendly catalysts: With the increasing strictness of environmental protection regulations, the development of low-toxic and low-volatility environmentally friendly catalysts will become a hot topic in the future. Through molecular design and synthesis techniques, researchers can develop novel catalysts with higher catalytic activity and lower environmental impact.

  2. Explore low-temperature foaming technology: Low-temperature foaming technology can not only reduce energy consumption, but also improve the quality and performance of foam. Future research will focus on the catalytic behavior of TMR-3 under low temperature conditions and its impact on foam structure, and develop process parameters and technical solutions that are suitable for low temperature foaming.

  3. Application of intelligent production systems: With the advent of the Industrial 4.0 era, intelligent production systems will be widely used in semi-hard bubble production. By introducing technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data and artificial intelligence, real-time monitoring and optimization of parameters such as TMR-3 usage, reaction conditions, etc., further improving the accuracy and efficiency of foam production.

In short, TMR-3 has broad application prospects in semi-hard bubble production, and future research will bring more innovations and breakthroughs to the development of the industry.

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