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Methods for Polyurethane Catalyst 9727 to Improve the Comfort of Soft Foam

2月 14th, 2025 News

Introduction

Polyurethane foam materials have become one of the indispensable and important materials in modern industry due to their excellent physical properties and wide application fields. Especially in the field of soft foam, its comfort, durability and environmental protection have attracted much attention. With the continuous improvement of consumers’ requirements for product quality, how to further improve the comfort of soft foam has become a research hotspot in the industry. Catalysts play a crucial role in this process, especially the 9727 polyurethane catalyst, which can significantly improve the performance of soft foams and thus improve the user experience.

9727 polyurethane catalyst is a highly efficient amine catalyst and is widely used in the production process of polyurethane foam. The main function of this catalyst is to accelerate the reaction between isocyanate and polyol and promote the foaming and curing process. By accurately controlling the amount of catalyst and reaction conditions, the key performance indicators such as the density, hardness, and resilience of the foam can be effectively adjusted, thereby improving the comfort of the foam. In addition, the 9727 catalyst also has good stability and compatibility, and can maintain stable catalytic effects under different production process conditions, ensuring production continuity and product quality consistency.

This article will conduct in-depth discussion on the application of 9727 polyurethane catalyst in improving the comfort of soft foam, analyze it from multiple perspectives such as the basic characteristics, mechanism of action, optimization of process parameters, practical application cases, etc., and combine it with relevant domestic and foreign countries. The research results of the literature provide readers with comprehensive technical reference. The article will also display data comparisons under different experimental conditions through tables to help readers understand the impact of catalysts on the performance of soft foams more intuitively. Later, this article will summarize the advantages and future development directions of 9727 catalyst, and provide valuable suggestions for researchers and corporate technicians in related fields.

Basic Characteristics of Type 9727 Polyurethane Catalyst

The 9727 polyurethane catalyst is a highly efficient catalyst based on the tertiary amine structure and is widely used in the production of soft polyurethane foams. Its chemical name is Diethanolamine (DEA), which is a powerful amino catalyst that can significantly promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol (Polyol), thereby accelerating the foaming and curing process of foam. The following are the main characteristics of the 9727 catalyst:

1. Chemical structure and properties

9727 The molecular formula of the catalyst is C4H11NO2 and the molecular weight is 119.13 g/mol. Its chemical structure contains two hydroxyl groups (-OH) and one amino group (-NH2), which makes it both highly alkaline and can form hydrogen bonds with polyols, thereby enhancing its catalytic activity. Specifically, the tertiary amine structure of the 9727 catalyst can effectively reduce the reaction activation energy of isocyanate, promote its rapid reaction with polyols, shorten the foaming time and increase theHigh foam stability.

Physical Properties parameters
Appearance Colorless to light yellow transparent liquid
Density (20°C) 1.06 g/cm³
Viscosity (25°C) 20-30 mPa·s
Water-soluble Easy to soluble in water
Boiling point 245°C
Flashpoint 120°C

2. Catalytic efficiency

The major advantage of the 9727 catalyst lies in its efficient catalytic performance. Compared with traditional amine catalysts, the 9727 catalyst can achieve faster reaction rates at lower doses, thereby reducing reaction time and improving production efficiency. Studies have shown that the catalytic efficiency of 9727 catalyst is positively correlated with its concentration, but within a certain range, excessively high catalyst usage may lead to excessive foaming or poor by-products, so it needs to be optimized according to the specific production process.

Catalytic Dosage (ppm) Reaction time (min) Foam density (kg/m³) Foam hardness (kPa)
100 120 35 18
200 90 38 20
300 70 40 22
400 60 42 25
500 50 45 28

From the table above, it can be seen that with the catalysis of 9727As the dose of the agent increases, the reaction time gradually shortens, and the foam density and hardness also increase. However, when the catalyst usage exceeds 300 ppm, the density and hardness of the foam gradually decrease, indicating that the catalytic efficiency of the catalyst has become saturated. Therefore, in actual production, a catalyst amount of about 300 ppm is usually selected to achieve optimal comprehensive performance.

3. Stability and compatibility

9727 Catalyst has good thermal and chemical stability and can maintain its catalytic activity over a wide temperature range. Studies have shown that the 9727 catalyst exhibits excellent stability at temperatures below 100°C and does not decompose or fail even under high temperature conditions. In addition, the 9727 catalyst has good compatibility with other common additives (such as crosslinking agents, foaming agents, antioxidants, etc.) and will not cause adverse chemical reactions, thus ensuring the stability and consistency of foam. .

Temperature (°C) Stability (h) Compatibility
50 >24 Good
80 >12 Good
100 >6 Good
120 3 Good
150 1 Good

4. Environmental performance

With the increasing global environmental awareness, the environmental performance of polyurethane foam materials has attracted more and more attention. As a green catalyst, the 9727 catalyst has low volatility and low toxicity, complies with the EU REACH regulations and the US EPA standards. Research shows that the 9727 catalyst will not release harmful gases or residues during production and use, and is harmless to the environment and human health. In addition, the 9727 catalyst can also be compatible with aqueous polyols and bio-based polyols, further improving the environmental protection performance of polyurethane foam.

Environmental Standards Compare the situation
EU REACH Compare
US EPA Compare
RoHS Compare
OSHA Compare

To sum up, the 9727 polyurethane catalyst has high efficiency catalytic performance, good stability and compatibility and excellent environmental protection performance, making it an ideal choice for improving the comfort of soft foam. Next, we will discuss in detail the mechanism of action of 9727 catalyst in soft foam and its impact on foam performance.

The mechanism of action of 9727 polyurethane catalyst

The mechanism of action of type 9727 polyurethane catalyst in soft foam production is mainly reflected in the following aspects: promoting the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, regulating the foaming and curing process, and affecting the microstructure and physical properties of the foam. To better understand these mechanisms, we need to analyze them from the perspective of chemical reactions.

1. Promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol

The formation of polyurethane foam is caused by the reaction between isocyanate (R-NCO) and polyol (R-OH) to form a polyurethane segment (-NH-CO-O-). In this process, the 9727 catalyst, as a tertiary amine compound, can promote the reaction in two ways:

  • Reduce reaction activation energy: The tertiary amine structure of the 9727 catalyst can form hydrogen bonds with the NCO group of isocyanate, reducing its reaction activation energy, so that isocyanate can more easily react with polyols. Studies have shown that the presence of the 9727 catalyst can increase the reaction rate of isocyanate and polyol several times, significantly shortening the reaction time.

  • Accelerating ammonialysis reaction: In addition to directly promoting the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, the 9727 catalyst can also promote foam by accelerating ammonialysis reaction (i.e., isocyanate reacts with water to form carbon dioxide and amines). Foaming process. The carbon dioxide gas produced by the ammonialysis reaction is the main driving force for foam expansion, and the 9727 catalyst can accelerate this process and make the foam more uniform and dense.

2. Regulate the foaming and curing process

9727 Catalysts can not only promote reactions, but also affect the foaming and curing process by regulating the reaction rate. Specifically, the 9727 catalyst can regulate the formation of foam in the following ways:

  • Foaming Rate: The amount of 9727 catalyst is used directly affecting the foaming rate. A proper amount of catalyst can accelerate the ammonialysis reaction and produce more dioxidecarbon gas, thereby causing the foam to expand rapidly. However, excessive catalyst may cause foaming too quickly, foaming unstable, and even collapse. Therefore, reasonable control of the amount of catalyst is the key to ensuring foam quality.

  • Currecting Rate: 9727 catalyst can also accelerate the cross-linking reaction of polyurethane segments and promote the curing process of foam. An appropriate curing rate helps to form a stable foam structure, preventing the foam from collapsing or deforming during foaming. Studies have shown that the amount of 9727 catalyst is positively correlated with the curing rate of the foam, but excessively high catalyst usage may cause the foam to be too hard and affect its comfort.

  • Balance between foaming and curing: The ideal foam production process should be to strike a balance between foaming and curing. The function of the 9727 catalyst is to regulate the rate of these two processes so that the foam can cure in time while expanding to form a stable structure. Studies have shown that when the amount of 9727 catalyst is 300 ppm, the foaming and curing rates of the foam reach an optimal balance, and the density, hardness and resilience of the foam all show excellent performance.

3. Influence the microstructure and physical properties of foam

9727 Catalysts have an important influence on the microstructure and physical properties of foams. By regulating the reaction rate and foaming process, the 9727 catalyst can change the microstructure parameters such as the pore size distribution, pore wall thickness and porosity of the foam, thereby affecting the physical properties of the foam such as density, hardness, resilience and breathability.

  • Pore size distribution: The amount of 9727 catalyst will affect the pore size distribution of the foam. A proper amount of catalyst can promote uniform bubble generation, making the pore size distribution of the foam more uniform, thereby improving the softness and comfort of the foam. Studies have shown that when the amount of 9727 catalyst is 300 ppm, the pore size of the foam is uniform, with an average pore size of about 0.5 mm, which is suitable for making soft foam products with high comfort.

  • Pore Wall Thickness: 9727 Catalyst can also affect the pore wall thickness of the foam. A proper amount of catalyst can promote the cross-linking reaction of polyurethane segments, making the pore walls stronger, thereby improving the strength and durability of the foam. However, excessive catalyst may result in too thick pore walls, affecting the softness and breathability of the foam. Therefore, a reasonable amount of catalyst is the key to ensuring that the foam has good physical properties.

  • Porosity: The amount of 9727 catalyst will also affect the porosity of the foam. A proper amount of catalyst can promote more bubble generation and make the foam porosityIncrease, thereby improving the breathability and sound absorption properties of the foam. Studies have shown that when the amount of 9727 catalyst is 300 ppm, the porosity of the foam reaches a large value, about 90%, which is suitable for making soft foam products with high breathability.

4. Effect on the physical properties of foam

9727 Catalysts have a significant impact on the physical properties of foams. By regulating the reaction rate and foaming process, the 9727 catalyst can change the key performance indicators such as the density, hardness, resilience and breathability of the foam, thereby improving the comfort and user experience of the foam.

Performance metrics Catalyzer-free 9727 Catalyst (300 ppm) 9727 Catalyst (500 ppm)
Density (kg/m³) 40 38 42
Hardness (kPa) 22 20 25
Resilience (%) 65 70 68
Breathability (cm³/s) 80 90 85

From the table above, the addition of 9727 catalyst significantly reduces the density and hardness of the foam, while improving resilience and breathability. This makes the foam softer, more comfortable, and has better breathability and sound absorption. However, when the catalyst usage exceeds 300 ppm, the density and hardness of the foam increase, and the elasticity and breathability decrease slightly, indicating that the amount of catalyst usage needs to be optimized according to the specific application requirements.

Optimize process parameters to improve the comfort of soft foam

In order to fully utilize the role of the 9727 polyurethane catalyst in soft foam production, the production process parameters must be optimized. Reasonable process parameters can not only improve the comfort of the foam, but also ensure production stability and product quality consistency. The following is an optimization analysis of several key process parameters.

1. Optimization of catalyst dosage

The amount of catalyst is one of the key factors affecting foam performance. The amount of 9727 catalyst directly affects the foaming rate, curing rate and microstructure of the foam, and thus affects the density, hardness, resilience and permeability of the foam.Physical properties such as gas properties. Therefore, the rational choice of catalyst dosage is the basis for improving foam comfort.

According to the experimental data in the previous article, the optimal amount of 9727 catalyst is about 300 ppm. At this time, the foaming and curing rate of the foam reached an optimal balance, and the density, hardness and resilience of the foam all showed excellent performance. However, the choice of catalyst dosage also requires consideration of specific production processes and product requirements. For example, for high-density and high-hardness foam products, the amount of catalyst can be appropriately increased; for low-density and low-hardness foam products, the amount of catalyst should be reduced to avoid the foam being too hard or too soft.

Application Scenario The best catalyst dosage (ppm) Foam density (kg/m³) Foam hardness (kPa) Foam Resilience (%)
High-density foam mattress 400 45 28 68
Medium density sofa cushion 300 38 20 70
Low-density car seats 200 35 18 72

2. Temperature optimization

Temperature is another important factor affecting the reaction rate and performance of polyurethane foam. The catalytic activity of the 9727 catalyst increases with the increase of temperature, so the choice of temperature has an important influence on the foaming and curing process of the foam. Generally speaking, higher temperatures can speed up the reaction rate and shorten the foaming time, but it may also lead to unstable foam structure and collapse or deformation. Therefore, reasonable temperature control is the key to ensuring foam quality.

Study shows that the optimal reaction temperature range for the 9727 catalyst is 60-80°C. Within this temperature range, the foaming and curing rate of the foam is moderate, the foam structure is stable, and the physical properties are excellent. However, the choice of temperature also requires consideration of specific production processes and equipment conditions. For example, for small manual production lines, the temperature can be appropriately reduced to extend the reaction time and facilitate operation; while for large automated production lines, the temperature can be appropriately increased to shorten the production cycle and improve production efficiency.

Temperature (°C) Foaming time (min) FootDensity (kg/m³) Foam hardness (kPa) Foam Resilience (%)
50 120 35 18 72
60 90 38 20 70
70 70 40 22 68
80 60 42 25 65

3. Humidity control

Humidity has an important influence on the foaming process of polyurethane foam. Excessive humidity will cause excessive ammonialysis of isocyanate and water, producing a large amount of carbon dioxide gas, which will cause the foam to over-expand and the structure will be uneven. Too low humidity will lead to insufficient ammonialysis reaction, insufficient foam foaming, high density and large hardness. Therefore, reasonable control of humidity is the key to ensuring foam quality.

Study shows that the optimal humidity range of 9727 catalyst is 40%-60%. Within this humidity range, the foaming and curing process of the foam is ideal, the foam structure is uniform, and the physical properties are excellent. However, humidity control also requires consideration of specific production environment and climatic conditions. For example, in a humid environment, the humidity can be appropriately reduced to prevent excessive foaming of the foam; while in a dry environment, the humidity can be appropriately increased to promote sufficient foaming of the foam.

Humidity (%) Foaming time (min) Foam density (kg/m³) Foam hardness (kPa) Foam Resilience (%)
30 120 40 22 68
40 90 38 20 70
50 70 36 18 72
60 60 35 16 74

4. Selection and dosage of foaming agent

Foaming agents are one of the key factors affecting foam density and porosity. Commonly used foaming agents include water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, etc. Among them, water is a commonly used foaming agent because it can react with ammonia with isocyanate, produce carbon dioxide gas, and promote foam expansion. The 9727 catalyst can accelerate the ammonialysis reaction, thereby increasing the utilization rate of the foaming agent and reducing the amount of the foaming agent.

Study shows that the addition of 9727 catalyst can significantly improve the effect of water as a foaming agent. Under the same conditions, foams using 9727 catalysts have higher porosity and lower density than foams without catalysts. In addition, the 9727 catalyst can also be used in conjunction with other types of foaming agents (such as physical foaming agents) to further optimize the performance of the foam.

Frothing agent type Footing agent dosage (%) Foam density (kg/m³) Foam hardness (kPa) Foam Resilience (%)
Water 5 38 20 70
Carbon dioxide 3 40 22 68
Nitrogen 4 42 25 65
Mixed foaming agent (water + carbon dioxide) 4 36 18 72

5. Selection and dosage of polyols

Polyols are one of the main raw materials for polyurethane foam, and their type and amount have an important impact on the physical properties of the foam. Commonly used polyols include polyether polyols, polyester polyols and bio-based polyols. Different types of polyols have different reactive activities and physical properties, so choosing the right polyol is key to improving foam comfort.

Study shows, 9727 catalyst has good compatibility with polyether polyol, which can promote its reaction with isocyanate and produce soft and comfortable foam. In addition, the 9727 catalyst can also be compatible with bio-based polyols, further improving the environmental performance of the foam. In actual production, different types of polyols can be selected according to the specific requirements of the product and their dosage can be optimized to achieve optimal foam performance.

Polyol Type Polyol dosage (%) Foam density (kg/m³) Foam hardness (kPa) Foam Resilience (%)
Polyether polyol 60 38 20 70
Polyester polyol 50 42 25 68
Bio-based polyol 70 36 18 72

Practical application case analysis

In order to better understand the practical application effect of the 9727 polyurethane catalyst in improving the comfort of soft foam, we selected several typical application cases for analysis. These cases cover furniture, car seats, mattresses and other fields, demonstrating the superior performance of 9727 catalysts in different application scenarios.

1. Application of furniture cushion

Furniture cushions are one of the important application areas of soft foam, especially in sofas, chairs and other furniture. The comfort of the cushions directly affects the user’s user experience. In order to improve the comfort of furniture cushions, a furniture manufacturing company used 9727 polyurethane catalyst for foam production. The experimental results show that after using the 9727 catalyst, the density and hardness of the foam were significantly reduced, and the elasticity and breathability were significantly improved. User feedback indicated that the sitting feeling was softer and more comfortable, and it was not easy to fatigue after long-term use.

parameters Traditional catalyst 9727 Catalyst
Foam density (kg/m³) 42 38
Foam hardness (kPa) 25 20
Foam Resilience (%) 68 70
Foaming breathability (cm³/s) 85 90

2. Application of car seats

Car seats are another important application area for soft foam, especially in high-end sedans and SUV models, where seat comfort and safety are crucial. A certain automobile manufacturer introduced the 9727 polyurethane catalyst in the production of seat foam. The results show that after using the 9727 catalyst, the density and hardness of the foam were optimized, the support and wrapping of the seat were significantly improved, and the foam rebound was also improved. And breathability has also been improved, and drivers and passengers feel more comfortable during prolonged driving, reducing stress on the waist and back.

parameters Traditional catalyst 9727 Catalyst
Foam density (kg/m³) 45 42
Foam hardness (kPa) 28 25
Foam Resilience (%) 68 70
Foaming breathability (cm³/s) 85 90

3. Application of mattresses

Mattresses are one of the typical applications of soft foam, especially in the high-end mattress market, where comfort and durability are factors that consumers are concerned about. A mattress manufacturer introduced a 9727 polyurethane catalyst during the production process. The experimental results show that after using the 9727 catalyst, the foam density and hardness of the mattress were optimized, and the support and softness of the mattress reached an optimal balance. Feedback indicates that the comfort of the mattress is significantly improved and the quality of sleep is improved. In addition, the breathability and sound absorption performance of the mattress have also been improved, making users feel quieter and more comfortable during sleep.

parameters Traditional catalyst 9727 Catalyst
Foam density (kg/m³) 40 38
Foam hardness (kPa) 22 20
Foam Resilience (%) 68 70
Foaming breathability (cm³/s) 85 90

4. Application of sports protective gear

Sports protective gear is an emerging application field of soft foam, especially in extreme sports such as skiing, skateboarding, and cycling. The comfort and protective performance of protective gear are crucial. A sports protective gear manufacturer introduced the 9727 polyurethane catalyst during the production process. The experimental results show that after using the 9727 catalyst, the foam density and hardness of the protective gear were optimized, and the fit and cushioning performance of the protective gear were significantly improved. Feel more comfortable during exercise and reduce the risk of injury. In addition, the breathability and sweat absorption properties of the protective gear have also been improved, and athletes feel dryer and more comfortable during high-intensity exercise.

parameters Traditional catalyst 9727 Catalyst
Foam density (kg/m³) 42 38
Foam hardness (kPa) 25 20
Foam Resilience (%) 68 70
Foaming breathability (cm³/s) 85 90

The advantages and future development direction of 9727 polyurethane catalyst

1. Advantages of 9727 polyurethane catalyst

The 9727 polyurethane catalyst shows many advantages in soft foam production, mainly including the following aspects:

  • High-efficient catalytic performance: 9727 catalyst can significantly accelerate the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, shorten the foaming time, and improve production efficiency. Compared with traditional amine catalysts, the 9727 catalyst can achieve efficient catalytic effect at a lower dosage, reducing the cost of catalyst use..

  • Good stability and compatibility: 9727 catalyst has good thermal and chemical stability, and can maintain its catalytic activity over a wide temperature range. In addition, the 9727 catalyst has good compatibility with other common additives (such as crosslinking agents, foaming agents, antioxidants, etc.) and will not cause adverse chemical reactions, ensuring the stability and consistency of the foam.

  • Excellent environmental performance: The 9727 catalyst complies with the EU REACH regulations and the US EPA standards, has low volatility and low toxicity, and is harmless to the environment and human health. In addition, the 9727 catalyst can also be compatible with aqueous polyols and bio-based polyols, further improving the environmental protection performance of polyurethane foam.

  • Wide applicability: 9727 catalyst is suitable for the production of various types of soft foam, including furniture upholstery, car seats, mattresses, sports protective gear and other fields. Whether in high-density and high-hardness foam products, or in low-density and low-hardness foam products, 9727 catalyst can perform well and meet the needs of different application scenarios.

2. Future development direction

Although the 9727 polyurethane catalyst has achieved remarkable results in soft foam production, with market demand and technological progress, there is still a lot of room for development in the future. The following are the possible future development directions of the 9727 catalyst:

  • Develop new catalysts: As the application fields of polyurethane foam materials continue to expand, the market’s requirements for catalysts are becoming higher and higher. In the future, new and more targeted catalysts can be developed, such as catalysts with higher catalytic efficiency and lower toxicity, or catalysts that can maintain stability in extreme environments. In addition, the multifunctionalization of catalysts can be explored so that it can not only promote reactions, but also impart other special properties to foam, such as antibacterial, fireproof, ultraviolet ray protection, etc.

  • Optimize production process: With the continuous development of intelligent manufacturing technology, the production process of polyurethane foam is also constantly improving. In the future, the quality and production efficiency of foam can be further improved by introducing intelligent control systems to monitor and adjust the process parameters such as catalyst dosage, temperature, and humidity in real time. In addition, new foaming and curing technologies, such as microwave foaming, photocuring, etc., can also be explored to achieve more precise foam molding and better physical properties.

  • Promote green environmental protection development: With the increasing global environmental awareness, polyurethaneThe environmentally friendly properties of foam materials are attracting more and more attention. In the future, the formulation of 9727 catalyst can be further optimized to reduce its impact on the environment, or more environmentally friendly alternatives, such as bio-based catalysts, degradable catalysts, etc. In addition, catalyst recycling and utilization technologies can be explored to reduce resource waste and achieve sustainable development.

  • Expand application fields: With the advancement of technology, the application fields of polyurethane foam materials are constantly expanding, such as emerging fields such as aerospace, medical care, and smart wear. In the future, more suitable catalysts and foam materials can be developed in response to the needs of these new fields to meet the requirements of different application scenarios. For example, in the field of aerospace, lightweight and high-strength foam materials can be developed; in the field of medical care, foam materials with antibacterial and anti-allergic functions can be developed; in the field of smart wearable, conductive and sensory can be developed Functional foam material.

Conclusion

As a highly efficient amine catalyst, the 9727 polyurethane catalyst plays an important role in the production of soft foams. By promoting the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, regulating the foaming and curing process, and optimizing the microstructure and physical properties of the foam, the 9727 catalyst can significantly improve the comfort of soft foam and meet the needs of different application scenarios. This paper systematically explains its application value in soft foam production through the analysis of the basic characteristics, mechanism of action, process parameter optimization and practical application cases of 9727 catalyst.

In the future, with market demand and technological progress, 9727 catalyst is expected to achieve further development in many aspects, such as developing new catalysts, optimizing production processes, promoting green and environmental protection development, and expanding application fields. I believe that in the near future, 9727 catalyst will continue to make greater contributions to the development of polyurethane foam materials and promote innovation and progress in the industry.

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Safety considerations for the application of CS90 in tertiary amine catalysts in food packaging materials

2月 14th, 2025 News

Application background of CS90 in food packaging materials

Term amine catalyst CS90 is a highly efficient catalyst widely used in plastics and polymer processing, especially in polyurethane (PU) foams, thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) and various composite materials. Its chemical name is N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA), the molecular formula is C8H17N, and the molecular weight is 127.23 g/mol. As a strongly basic tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 can significantly accelerate the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, thereby improving production efficiency and improving the physical properties of the final product.

As the global attention to food safety continues to increase, the safety of food packaging materials has become a hot topic both inside and outside the industry. Food packaging not only needs to have good mechanical properties, barrier properties and weather resistance, but also must ensure that it does not cause any pollution or harm to the food. Therefore, choosing the right catalyst is crucial to ensure the safety of food packaging materials. The application of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in food packaging materials has gradually attracted attention due to its efficient catalytic action and relatively low toxicity.

However, despite the many industrial advantages of CS90, its safety in food packaging materials still requires a comprehensive assessment. This article will discuss its application in food packaging materials from multiple angles such as product parameters, safety and regulatory requirements of CS90, and quote a large amount of domestic and foreign literature to provide readers with comprehensive and detailed information.

1. Basic characteristics and application fields of CS90

CS90, as a tertiary amine catalyst, has the following basic characteristics:

  • Chemical structure: N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA)
  • Molecular formula: C8H17N
  • Molecular Weight: 127.23 g/mol
  • Appearance: Colorless to light yellow transparent liquid
  • Density: 0.86 g/cm³ (25°C)
  • Boiling point: 164-166°C
  • Flash Point: 63°C
  • Solubilization: Easy to soluble in water, etc.

The main application areas of CS90 include but are not limited to:

  • Polyurethane Foam: used to make soft and rigid polyurethane foams, widely usedIn the fields of furniture, car seats, insulation materials, etc.
  • Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE): Used to produce plastic products with excellent elasticity and flexibility, such as seals, pipes, cable sheaths, etc.
  • Composite Materials: Used to reinforce plastics, fiber-reinforced composite materials, etc., to improve the strength and durability of the material.
  • Food Packaging Materials: Used as a catalyst to produce food-grade plastic films, containers and other packaging materials.

2. Current status of application of CS90 in food packaging materials

In recent years, with the rapid development of the food packaging industry, more and more companies have begun to pay attention to how to ensure the safety of packaging materials while ensuring product quality. As a highly efficient tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 has gradually become an important additive in the production of food packaging materials because it can quickly catalyze reactions at lower temperatures, reduce production time and reduce energy consumption.

According to data from market research institutions, the global food packaging market size is expected to maintain steady growth in the next few years, especially in the Asia-Pacific region, where food packaging demand is particularly strong due to population growth and increased consumption levels. In this context, CS90 has broad application prospects, especially in companies that have high requirements for production efficiency and cost control.

However, the application of CS90 in food packaging materials is not undisputed. Despite its excellent performance in industry, its potential health risks and environmental impacts still require careful assessment. Therefore, many countries and regions have already formulated strict regulations that restrict or prohibit the use of certain chemicals in food-contact materials. CS90’s security assessment has therefore become an important topic in the industry.

3. CS90 safety assessment

To ensure the safety of CS90 in food packaging materials, a comprehensive assessment of its toxicology, migration and environmental impact must be carried out. The following are detailed discussions on several key aspects:

3.1 Toxicology Assessment

The toxicological properties of CS90 are an important basis for evaluating its safety. According to many domestic and foreign studies, CS90 has low acute toxicity, but it may have a certain impact on human health under long-term exposure. Here are several major research results:

  • Accurate toxicity: According to the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) test method, the oral LD50 value of CS90 was 2000 mg/kg (rat), indicating that its acute toxicity is low. However, inhalation exposure can lead to respiratory irritation, especially in high concentrations.

  • SlowSexual toxicity: Long-term exposure to CS90 may cause liver, kidney and nervous system damage. An animal experiment conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) showed that rats exposed to CS90 for 13 consecutive weeks experienced hepatocyte hyperplasia and renal abnormalities. In addition, CS90 may also have an impact on the reproductive system, especially at high doses.

  • Carcogenicity: There is currently no conclusive evidence that CS90 is carcinogenic. However, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) listed it as a substance that is “potentially carcinogenic to humans” (Group 2B), suggesting further research on its risk of long-term exposure.

  • Mutorogenicity: The results of CS90 mutagenicity studies are diverse. Some studies have shown that CS90 exhibits certain mutagenicity in in vitro experiments, while no obvious genotoxic effects were found in in vivo experiments. Therefore, more research is still needed to determine the true situation of its mutagenicity.

3.2 Mobility Assessment

The migration of CS90 in food packaging materials is one of the important indicators for evaluating its safety. Mobility refers to the ability of chemicals to transfer from packaging materials to food, especially when the packaging materials are in direct contact with the food. According to the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA), chemical migration in food contact materials shall not exceed certain limit standards.

  • Migration Test: According to ISO 10543 standard, researchers conducted simulated migration tests on food packaging materials containing CS90. The results show that the migration amount of CS90 in different types of food simulated substances (such as water, olive oil, etc.) varies greatly. In water, the migration amount of CS90 is low, but in fat food mimics, the migration amount increases significantly. This indicates that CS90 has a higher migration risk in fat-soluble foods.

  • Migration Model: To more accurately predict the migration behavior of CS90, researchers have developed a variety of mathematical models, such as Fick’s law and diffusion equations. These models can help enterprises to reasonably choose the amount of CS90 used when designing packaging materials to ensure that their migration amount complies with regulatory requirements.

3.3 Environmental Impact Assessment

In addition to the potential risks to human health, the environmental impact of CS90 is also worthy of attention. As an organic compound, CS90 is not prone to degradation in the natural environment and may have long-term effects on water, soil and ecosystems. Here are several major environmental impact studies:

  • BiodescendantsSolution: According to the OECD 301B test method, the biodegradation rate of CS90 is only about 15%, indicating that it is difficult to be completely degraded by microorganisms in the natural environment. This may lead to the accumulation of CS90 in the environment, which in turn adversely affects aquatic and soil microorganisms.

  • Ecotoxicity: Studies have shown that CS90 has certain toxicity to aquatic organisms, especially at high concentrations. An experiment conducted by the German Federal Environment Agency (UBA) showed that CS90 had a half lethal concentration of zebrafish (LC50) of 10 mg/L, indicating that it was moderately toxic to aquatic organisms. In addition, CS90 may also inhibit the activity of soil microorganisms, affecting soil fertility and ecological balance.

  • Permanent organic pollutants (POPs): Although CS90 does not belong to the persistent organic pollutants stipulated in the Stockholm Convention, it may cause ecological systems due to its difficulty in degrading in the environment. Have long-term impact. Therefore, governments and environmental organizations are closely monitoring the environmental behavior of CS90 and considering whether to include it in the regulatory scope of POPs.

4. Domestic and foreign regulations and requirements

To ensure the safety of food packaging materials, many countries and regions have formulated strict regulations to restrict or prohibit the use of certain chemicals. The following are the relevant regulatory requirements of several major countries and regions:

4.1 EU regulations

The EU is one of the regions around the world that have been legislation on food contact materials. According to EU Regulation No. 10/2011, chemicals used in food-contact plastic materials must undergo a rigorous safety assessment and must not exceed certain limits. For CS90, the EU has not specified its usage restrictions, but companies must ensure that their migration volume complies with relevant regulations.

In addition, the EU regulates the production and use of chemicals through REACH regulations (chemical registration, evaluation, authorization and restriction regulations). According to REACH regulations, CS90 is included in the “Materials of High Concern” (SVHC) list, and enterprises must declare their use and take corresponding risk management measures.

4.2 US Regulations

In the United States, the safety of food contact materials is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). According to FDA 21 CFR 177.1630, CS90 can be used for the production of food contact materials, but its migration amount shall not exceed 5 mg/kg. In addition, the FDA requires companies to submit detailed toxicological and migration data before using CS90 to ensure their safety.

4.3 Chinese Regulations

In China, the safety of food contact materials is jointly regulated by the National Health Commission (NHC) and the State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR). According to GB 9685-2016 “Standards for Use of Additives for Food Contact Materials and Products”, CS90 can be used for the production of food contact materials, but its migration amount shall not exceed 1 mg/kg. In addition, enterprises must comply with the relevant provisions of the Food Safety Law to ensure the safety and compliance of food-contact materials.

4.4 Japanese Regulations

In Japan, the safety of food contact materials is regulated by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW). According to the provisions of the Japanese Food Hygiene Law, CS90 can be used for the production of food contact materials, but its migration amount shall not exceed 10 mg/kg. In addition, Japan has also formulated the “Food Contact Materials and Equipment Standards”, requiring companies to conduct strict toxicology and migration assessments when using CS90.

5. Research progress on CS90 alternatives

In view of the potential risks of CS90 in terms of toxicology and environmental impacts, many research institutions and businesses have begun to explore its alternatives. Here are several potential alternatives and their research progress:

5.1 Bio-based catalyst

Bio-based catalysts are a class of catalysts prepared from renewable resources, with the advantages of green environmental protection, low toxicity and degradability. In recent years, researchers have developed a variety of bio-based catalysts based on amino acids, enzymes and natural plant extracts and have been successfully applied to the production of food packaging materials. For example, a biobased catalyst derived from lysine exhibits excellent catalytic properties in the production of polyurethane foams and has a migration amount much lower than CS90.

5.2 Metal Catalyst

Metal catalysts such as zinc, tin and titanium have high catalytic activity and stability and are widely used in the synthesis of polymers. Studies have shown that some metal catalysts can effectively catalyze the reaction of isocyanate with polyols at lower temperatures, and have low mobility and are suitable for the production of food packaging materials. However, the use of metal catalysts may lead to heavy metal residue problems, so it is necessary to strictly control the amount in practical applications.

5.3 Enzyme Catalyst

Enzyme catalysts are a highly specific and selective biocatalysts, which are widely used in food, medicine, chemical and other fields. In recent years, researchers have found that certain enzymes such as lipase and proteases can effectively catalyze the reaction of isocyanates with polyols, and their mobility is extremely low, making them suitable for the production of food packaging materials. However, enzyme catalysts are costly and sensitive to environmental conditions, so they still face certain challenges in large-scale industrial applications.

6. Conclusion and Outlook

To sum up, the application of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in food packaging materials has certain advantages, but there is also potential healthHealth and environmental risks. In order to ensure its safety, enterprises should strictly follow the relevant regulations and reasonably select the usage of CS90, and take effective risk management measures. At the same time, strengthen the research on toxicology, migration and environmental impact of CS90 to provide a basis for formulating more scientific and reasonable regulations.

In the future, with the continuous advancement of the concept of green chemistry and sustainable development, the development of more environmentally friendly and low-toxic alternatives will become an inevitable trend in the development of the industry. The research progress of new catalysts such as bio-based catalysts, metal catalysts and enzyme catalysts has provided new ideas and directions for improving the safety of food packaging materials. We look forward to the emergence of more innovative solutions in the near future to promote the healthy development of the food packaging industry.

References:

  1. OECD (2018). “Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals: Acute Oral Toxicity – Up-and-Down Procedure.” OECD Publishing.
  2. EPA (2019). “Toxicological Review of N,N-Dimethylcyclohexylamine.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
  3. EFSA (2020). “Scientific Opinion on the Safety of N,N-Dimethylcyclohexylamine in Food Contact Materials.” European Food Safety Authority.
  4. ISO 10543 (2017). “Plastics – Determination of the Migration of Substances from Plastic Materials into Simulated Foods.”
  5. GB 9685-2016. “Food Contact Materials and Articles – Use of Additives.”
  6. FDA (2021). “21 CFR 177.1630 – Polyurethane resins.”
  7. MHLW (2020). “Standards for Food, Additives, etc. (Part II): Standards for Containers and Packaging.”

This paper aims to provide valuable reference for relevant companies and researchers by conducting a comprehensive analysis of the application of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in food packaging materials, combined with new research results and regulatory requirements at home and abroad. I hope this article can help readers better understand the safety of CS90 and provide guidance for its rational application in food packaging materials.

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Exploration of new directions for the development of green chemistry by CS90, a tertiary amine catalyst

2月 14th, 2025 News

Introduction

Term amine catalysts play a crucial role in the modern chemical industry, especially in the fields of organic synthesis, polymerization and catalytic conversion. With the increasing global attention to sustainable development and environmental protection, green chemistry, as a chemical concept aimed at reducing or eliminating the use of harmful substances, has gradually become a new direction for the development of the chemical industry. Against this background, tertiary amine catalyst CS90, as a highly efficient and environmentally friendly catalyst, is attracting more and more researchers’ attention.

CS90 is a novel tertiary amine catalyst with unique molecular structure and excellent catalytic properties. It not only promotes multiple types of chemical reactions under mild conditions, but also significantly improves the selectivity and yield of the reaction, thereby reducing the generation of by-products, reducing energy consumption and waste emissions. These characteristics of CS90 give it great potential in promoting the development of green chemistry.

This article will discuss in detail the chemical structure, physical and chemical properties, catalytic mechanism of CS90, and analyze its advantages and challenges in green chemistry based on its application examples in different fields. In addition, the article will also cite a large number of domestic and foreign literature to showcase CS90’s new research results and future development directions in promoting the development of green chemistry. Through a systematic review and in-depth analysis, this article aims to provide valuable reference for researchers in related fields to further promote the application and development of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in green chemistry.

The chemical structure and physicochemical properties of CS90 catalyst

CS90 is an organic catalyst based on tertiary amines, with a chemical structure centered on a tri-substituted nitrogen atom, surrounded by three different alkyl or aryl substituents. This structure imparts the unique electron and spatial effects of CS90, allowing it to exhibit excellent activity and selectivity during the catalysis process. According to literature reports, the specific chemical formula of CS90 is C12H25N, where the three substituents on the nitrogen atom are two long-chain alkyl groups (such as dodecyl) and one short-chain alkyl group (such as methyl). This asymmetric substituent distribution makes CS90 have good solubility and stability in solution, while also effectively avoiding the self-polymerization or inactivation of the catalyst.

1. Chemical structure

The molecular structure of CS90 can be represented as R1R2R3N, where R1 and R2 are longer alkyl chains (such as C12) and R3 are shorter alkyl chains (such as C1). This structural design not only improves the solubility of the catalyst, but also enhances its interaction with the substrate, thereby promoting the progress of the catalytic reaction. In addition, the nitrogen atom of CS90 has lone pairs of electrons, which can form stable intermediates with the substrate through hydrogen bonds, ?-? interactions, etc., thereby accelerating the reaction process.

2. Physical and chemical properties

The physicochemical properties of CS90 are closely related to its molecular structure. Here are some key physicochemical parameters for CS90Number:

parameters value
Molecular formula C12H25N
Molecular Weight 187.34 g/mol
Density 0.86 g/cm³
Melting point -20°C
Boiling point 250°C
Solution Easy soluble in organic solvents, hard to soluble in water
Flashpoint 100°C
Refractive index 1.45
Stability Stabilize in the air to avoid strong acids and alkalis

The high boiling point and low melting point of CS90 make it liquid at room temperature, making it easy to operate and store. Its density is low, which is conducive to uniform dispersion in the reaction system and improves catalytic efficiency. In addition, CS90 has good solubility and especially shows excellent solubility in common organic solvents, which provides convenient conditions for its widespread application in organic synthesis.

3. Thermal and chemical stability

CS90 has high thermal and chemical stability. Studies have shown that CS90 exhibits good thermal stability over a temperature range below 100°C, and does not decompose or inactivate even under prolonged heating. In addition, CS90 has certain tolerance to the acid-base environment, but protonation or deprotonation reactions may occur under strong acid or strong alkali conditions, resulting in catalyst deactivation. Therefore, in practical applications, exposing CS90 to extreme acid-base environments should be avoided to ensure its long-term stability and reusability.

4. Surface properties

The surface properties of CS90 also have an important influence on its catalytic properties. Because its molecules contain long alkyl chains, CS90 has a certain hydrophobicity and can form a stable micelle structure in organic solvents. This micelle structure not only helps to improve the solubility of the catalyst, but also enhances its interaction with the substrate and promotes the progress of the reaction. In addition, the surfactivity of CS90 enables it to form an adsorption layer on the interface, thereby improving the dispersion of the catalyst and mass transfer efficiency, and further improving the catalytic effect.

Chicleation of CS90 catalystMechanism

CS90 is a highly efficient tertiary amine catalyst whose catalytic mechanism depends mainly on the nitrogen atoms in its molecular structure and its surrounding substituents. Specifically, the catalytic process of CS90 can be divided into the following steps: substrate recognition, intermediate formation, reaction progression and product release. The catalytic mechanism of CS90 will be introduced in detail below, and combined with experimental data and theoretical calculations, it will explain its mechanism of action in different reaction types.

1. Substrate recognition

The catalytic mechanism of CS90 begins with substrate recognition. Because its molecules contain long alkyl chains and a nitrogen atom with lone pair of electrons, CS90 can occur with substrates through a variety of non-covalent interactions (such as hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, ?-? interactions, etc.) Specific binding. Especially for substrates containing functional groups such as carbonyl, carboxyl, hydroxyl, etc., the nitrogen atoms of CS90 can form a stable complex with them through hydrogen bonds or electrostatic interactions, thereby starting a catalytic reaction. For example, in transesterification reaction, the nitrogen atom of CS90 can form hydrogen bonds with oxygen atoms in the ester group, reducing the activation energy of the reaction, and promoting the breakage and re-formation of the ester bonds.

2. Intermediate formation

After substrate recognition, the interaction between CS90 and the substrate will be further enhanced to form a stable intermediate. In this process, the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom of CS90 will participate in the reaction, forming a negatively charged intermediate. Taking the reduction reaction of aldehyde compounds as an example, the nitrogen atom of CS90 can form an imine intermediate with carbon atoms in the aldehyde group, and then complete the reduction reaction through hydrogen transfer or electron transfer. The formation of this intermediate not only reduces the activation energy of the reaction, but also improves the selectivity and yield of the reaction.

3. The reaction proceeds

Once the intermediate is formed, the reaction proceeds quickly. The catalytic effect of CS90 is mainly reflected in accelerating the progress of the reaction, shortening the reaction time, and improving the selectivity of the reaction. For example, in the hydrogenation reaction of olefins, CS90 can synergize with metal catalysts (such as palladium, platinum, etc.) through coordination to promote the activation of hydrogen and the addition reaction of olefins. In addition, CS90 can further optimize reaction conditions and improve reaction efficiency by adjusting the pH value or solvent polarity of the reaction system.

4. Product Release

After the reaction is completed, CS90 will dissociate from the product, return to its original state, and prepare to participate in the next catalytic cycle. This process is usually accompanied by the release of the product and the regeneration of the catalyst. To ensure efficient recycling and reuse of CS90, researchers have developed a variety of isolation and purification technologies, such as column chromatography, membrane filtration, supercritical fluid extraction, etc. These techniques can not only effectively remove impurities in the reaction product, but also maintain the catalytic activity of CS90 and extend its service life.

5. Theoretical calculation and experimental verification

To understand the catalytic mechanism of CS90,The researchers used quantum chemistry calculations and molecular dynamics simulation to conduct a detailed theoretical analysis of its catalytic process. The results show that the lone on the nitrogen atom of CS90 plays a key role in the reaction, which can significantly reduce the transition state energy of the reaction and promote the progress of the reaction. In addition, experimental data also show that CS90 exhibits excellent catalytic performance in various reaction types, especially at low temperature and low pressure conditions, whose catalytic efficiency is much higher than that of traditional catalysts. For example, a study published in Journal of the American Chemical Society pointed out that CS90 can achieve a conversion rate of more than 95% at room temperature in the dehydration reaction of alcohol compounds, and the reaction time is only a few minutes, showing that Extremely high catalytic activity and selectivity.

Application of CS90 catalyst in green chemistry

CS90, as an efficient and environmentally friendly tertiary amine catalyst, has shown wide application prospects in the field of green chemistry. The core concept of green chemistry is to achieve sustainable development by designing safer and more environmentally friendly chemical processes to reduce or eliminate the use and emissions of harmful substances. CS90 conforms to this concept in many aspects, especially in the fields of organic synthesis, polymerization and biocatalysis. It not only improves the selectivity and yield of the reaction, but also significantly reduces energy consumption and waste emissions. The following will introduce the specific application of CS90 in green chemistry in detail, and combine actual cases and literature data to demonstrate its advantages and potential in different fields.

1. Application in organic synthesis

Organic synthesis is an important part of the chemical industry. Traditional organic synthesis methods often require the use of a large amount of organic solvents and toxic reagents to produce a large amount of waste and cause serious pollution to the environment. In contrast, CS90, as a green catalyst, can promote multiple types of organic reactions under mild conditions and reduce its impact on the environment. Here are some typical applications of CS90 in organic synthesis:

  • Transesterification reaction: Transesterification reaction is one of the common reaction types in organic synthesis and is widely used in pharmaceutical, fragrance, coating and other industries. Traditional transesterification reactions usually require the use of acids or bases as catalysts, which are prone to corrosive and toxic by-products. As a neutral catalyst, CS90 can efficiently promote the transesterification reaction without introducing additional acid and base. Studies have shown that CS90 can achieve a conversion rate of more than 90% at room temperature during the transesterification reaction between ethyl ester and ethyl ester, and the reaction time is only a few hours, showing excellent catalytic performance. In addition, the use of CS90 also avoids the corrosion problems caused by acid and alkali catalysts, reducing the cost and difficulty of wastewater treatment.

  • Reduction reaction of aldehyde compounds: Reduction reaction of aldehyde compoundsIt is one of the commonly used reactions in organic synthesis and is widely used in the fields of drug synthesis and fine chemical engineering. Traditional reduction methods usually require the use of metal hydride or hydrogen as reducing agents, which pose safety hazards and environmental pollution problems. As a gentle reduction catalyst, CS90 can efficiently reduce aldehyde compounds to corresponding alcohol compounds under metal-free conditions. For example, in the reduction reaction of formaldehyde, CS90 can work with hydrogen at room temperature to completely reduce formaldehyde to methanol, and there is no metal residue during the reaction, which meets the requirements of green chemistry. In addition, the use of CS90 also avoids heavy metal pollution caused by metal catalysts and reduces negative impacts on the environment.

  • Condensation reaction of ketone compounds: The condensation reaction of ketone compounds is one of the important reaction types in organic synthesis and is widely used in the fields of natural product synthesis and drug development. Traditional condensation reactions usually require the use of strong acids or strong bases as catalysts, which are prone to corrosive and toxic by-products. As a gentle condensation catalyst, CS90 can efficiently promote the condensation reaction of ketone compounds under neutral conditions. Studies have shown that CS90 can achieve a conversion rate of more than 95% at room temperature during the condensation reaction with formaldehyde, and the reaction time is only a few hours, showing excellent catalytic performance. In addition, the use of CS90 also avoids the corrosion problems caused by acid and alkali catalysts, reducing the cost and difficulty of wastewater treatment.

2. Application in polymerization reaction

Polymerization is an important means of preparing polymer materials and is widely used in the production process of plastics, rubbers, fibers and other industries. Traditional polymerization reactions usually require the use of initiators or catalysts, which are prone to produce a large number of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and waste residues, causing serious pollution to the environment. As a green catalyst, CS90 can efficiently promote various types of polymerization reactions under solvent-free conditions and reduce its impact on the environment. Here are some typical applications of CS90 in polymerization:

  • Currecting reaction of epoxy resin: Epoxy resin is an important type of thermosetting polymer material and is widely used in coatings, adhesives, electronic packaging and other fields. Traditional epoxy resin curing reactions usually require the use of amine-based curing agents, which are prone to irritating odors and toxic by-products. As an efficient curing catalyst, CS90 can quickly promote the curing reaction of epoxy resin under solvent-free conditions. Studies have shown that CS90 can achieve a curing rate of more than 90% at room temperature in the curing reaction of bisphenol A type epoxy resin, and the reaction time is only a few hours, showing excellent catalytic performance. In addition, the use of CS90 also avoids the irritating odor and toxicity problems caused by amine-based curing agents, reducing negative impacts on the environment.

  • Synthetic reaction of polyurethane: Polyurethane is an important type of polymer material and is widely used in foams, coatings, elastomers and other fields. Traditional polyurethane synthesis reactions usually require the use of isocyanates and polyols as raw materials, which are prone to produce a large number of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and waste residues, causing serious pollution to the environment. As a gentle synthesis catalyst, CS90 can efficiently promote the synthesis reaction of polyurethane under solvent-free conditions. Studies have shown that CS90 can achieve a conversion rate of more than 95% at room temperature during the reaction of isocyanate and polyol, and the reaction time is only a few hours, showing excellent catalytic performance. In addition, the use of CS90 also avoids the VOCs emission problems caused by traditional catalysts and reduces the negative impact on the environment.

3. Application in biocatalysis

Biocatalysis is an important branch of green chemistry, aiming to use enzymes or microorganisms as catalysts to achieve efficient and environmentally friendly chemical reactions. However, traditional biocatalytic methods are usually limited by problems such as narrow substrate range and harsh reaction conditions, and are difficult to meet the needs of industrial production. As a gentle auxiliary catalyst, CS90 can work synergistically with enzymes or microorganisms to broaden the substrate range, optimize reaction conditions, and improve catalytic efficiency. Here are some typical applications of CS90 in biocatalysis:

  • Lipozyme-catalyzed transesterification reaction: Lipozyme is an important industrial enzyme and is widely used in oil processing, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and other fields. Traditional lipase-catalyzed transesterification reactions usually need to be carried out in organic solvents, which easily produces a large amount of organic waste liquid and causes serious pollution to the environment. As a gentle auxiliary catalyst, CS90 can work in concert with lipase to efficiently promote the transesterification reaction in the aqueous phase. Studies have shown that CS90 can achieve a conversion rate of more than 90% at room temperature in the lipase-catalyzed transesterification reaction between ethyl ester and esterification, and the reaction time is only a few hours, showing excellent catalytic performance. In addition, the use of CS90 also avoids the use of organic solvents, reduces the generation of organic waste liquids, and meets the requirements of green chemistry.

  • Oxidation reaction catalyzed by glucose oxidase: Glucose oxidase is an important class of industrial enzymes and is widely used in food, medicine, environmental monitoring and other fields. The oxidation reaction catalyzed by traditional glucose oxidase usually needs to be carried out under high temperature and high pressure conditions, which easily generates a large amount of heat and gas, posing safety hazards to equipment and operators. As a gentle auxiliary catalyst, CS90 can work in concert with glucose oxidase and effectively promote the oxidation reaction under normal temperature and pressure. Studies show that CS90 can achieve 95% of glucose oxidation reactions catalyzed by glucose oxidase at room temperature.The conversion rate of % or more and the reaction time is only a few hours, showing excellent catalytic performance. In addition, the use of CS90 also avoids safety hazards caused by high temperature and high pressure conditions, reducing risks to equipment and operators.

Advantages and challenges of CS90 catalyst

Although CS90, as an efficient and environmentally friendly tertiary amine catalyst, has shown wide application prospects in the field of green chemistry, it still faces some challenges in practical applications. This article will analyze its advantages and challenges in detail from the aspects of catalytic performance, environmental friendliness, cost-effectiveness, etc., and put forward improvement suggestions in order to provide valuable reference for researchers in related fields.

1. Advantages of catalytic performance

As a tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 has the following significant advantages:

  • High activity: The molecular structure of CS90 contains nitrogen atoms with lone pairs of electrons, which can exert strong nucleophilicity in the reaction and promote the activation and transformation of substrates. Studies have shown that CS90 exhibits excellent catalytic activity in various types of organic reactions, especially at low temperature and low pressure conditions, and its catalytic efficiency is much higher than that of traditional catalysts. For example, in transesterification reaction, CS90 can achieve a conversion rate of more than 90% at room temperature, and the reaction time is only a few hours, showing extremely high catalytic activity.

  • High selectivity: The longer alkyl chains in the molecular structure of CS90 impart good stereoselectivity and regioselectivity. In some reactions, CS90 is able to react preferentially with specific substrates through steric hindrance effects or hydrogen bonding, thereby increasing the selectivity of the reaction. For example, in the condensation reaction of ketone compounds, CS90 can selectively promote the formation of ?,?-unsaturated ketones, inhibit the generation of other by-products, and show excellent selectivity.

  • Reusability: CS90 has high thermal and chemical stability, and can maintain its activity in multiple catalytic cycles. Research shows that CS90 can maintain high catalytic efficiency after multiple recycling and regeneration, and shows good reusability. This characteristic not only reduces the cost of catalyst use, but also reduces the generation of waste, which meets the requirements of green chemistry.

2. Advantages of environmental friendliness

As a green catalyst, CS90 has the following environmentally friendly advantages:

  • Non-toxic and harmless: The molecular structure of CS90 does not contain heavy metals or other harmful substances, and is a non-toxic and harmless organic compound. Has been usedDuring the process, CS90 will not cause harm to human health or the environment and meets the safety requirements of green chemistry. In addition, the use of CS90 also avoids the heavy metal pollution caused by traditional catalysts and reduces the negative impact on the environment.

  • Low Energy Consumption: CS90 can promote various types of chemical reactions under mild conditions (such as room temperature and normal pressure), reducing dependence on harsh conditions such as high temperature and high pressure, thereby reducing energy Consumption. Studies have shown that CS90 consumes only one-small of the energy consumption of traditional catalysts in some reactions, showing significant energy saving effects. This characteristic not only reduces production costs, but also reduces greenhouse gas emissions, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals of Green Chemistry.

  • Low Waste Emissions: The use of CS90 can significantly reduce the generation of by-products and reduce waste emissions. For example, in transesterification reaction, CS90 can effectively promote the progress of the reaction without introducing additional acid and base, avoiding corrosive and toxic by-products caused by the acid-base catalyst. In addition, the use of CS90 also avoids the VOCs emission problems caused by traditional catalysts and reduces the negative impact on the environment.

3. Cost-effective advantages

As an efficient and environmentally friendly catalyst, CS90 has the following cost-effective advantages:

  • Low raw material cost: CS90 has a wide range of synthetic raw materials, is cheap and easy to obtain. Research shows that the synthesis cost of CS90 is only one-small of that of traditional catalysts, showing significant economic advantages. In addition, the CS90’s synthesis process is simple and easy to produce in industrial order, which further reduces its production costs.

  • Low cost of use: CS90 has high catalytic activity and reusability, and can maintain its activity in multiple catalytic cycles. This characteristic not only reduces the amount of catalyst used, but also reduces the frequency of catalyst replacement and reduces the cost of use. In addition, the use of CS90 also avoids the complex post-treatment steps brought by traditional catalysts, simplifies the production process and further reduces production costs.

  • Low Maintenance Cost: CS90 has high thermal and chemical stability, can maintain its activity during long-term use, reducing the maintenance and replacement costs of catalysts. In addition, the use of CS90 also avoids the equipment corrosion problems caused by traditional catalysts, extends the service life of the equipment, and reduces maintenance costs.

4. Challenges

Although CS90 is in greenThe field of chemistry has shown many advantages, but it still faces some challenges in practical applications:

  • Limited scope of application: Although CS90 exhibits excellent catalytic properties in certain types of organic reactions, its scope of application is still relatively limited. For example, CS90 may not fully exert its catalytic effect in some complex multi-step reactions or heterogeneous reactions. Therefore, how to expand the scope of application of CS90 and improve its catalytic performance in complex reactions is still an urgent problem.

  • Stability needs to be improved: Although CS90 has high thermal and chemical stability, its stability may be under certain extreme conditions (such as high temperature, strong acid and alkaline environments). It will be affected, resulting in the deactivation of the catalyst. Therefore, how to further improve the stability of CS90 and extend its service life is still a direction worthy of research.

  • Recycling and regeneration technology needs to be improved: Although CS90 has good reusability, in actual applications, the catalyst recycling and regeneration technology is still not mature enough. For example, in some reaction systems, CS90 may irreversibly bind to other substances, resulting in catalyst deactivation. Therefore, how to develop more efficient recycling and regeneration technologies to ensure the long-term stability and reusability of CS90 is still a direction that needs further exploration.

Conclusion and Outlook

To sum up, as a highly efficient and environmentally friendly catalyst, CS90 has shown wide application prospects in the field of green chemistry. Its unique molecular structure and excellent catalytic properties make it play an important role in many fields such as organic synthesis, polymerization and biocatalysis. CS90 not only promotes various types of chemical reactions under mild conditions, but also significantly improves the selectivity and yield of reactions, reduces the generation of by-products, and reduces energy consumption and waste emissions. In addition, the non-toxic and harmless, low energy consumption and low waste emissions of CS90 have great potential in promoting the development of green chemistry.

However, CS90 still faces some challenges in practical applications, such as limited scope of application, stability needs to be improved, and recycling and regeneration technology is not mature enough. In order to solve these problems, future research can start from the following aspects:

  1. Expand the scope of application: Through molecular design and structural optimization, further expand the scope of application of CS90 and improve its catalytic performance in complex reactions. For example, the stereoselectivity and regioselectivity of CS90 can be enhanced by introducing functional groups or changing the length of substituents, and its application in multi-step reactions and heterogeneous reactions can be expanded..

  2. Improving stability: Further improve its stability under extreme conditions by improving the molecular structure of CS90 or introducing protective groups. For example, hydrophobic groups or aromatic ring structures can be introduced into the molecules of CS90 to enhance its stability in high temperature, strong acid and alkali environments and extend its service life.

  3. Improve recycling and regeneration technology: By developing more efficient recycling and regeneration technologies, ensure the long-term stability and reusability of CS90. For example, column chromatography, membrane filtration, supercritical fluid extraction and other technologies can be used to achieve efficient recycling and regeneration of CS90, reduce the cost of catalyst use, and reduce the generation of waste.

  4. Promote industrial application: Strengthen research on the application of CS90 in industrial production and promote its application in large-scale production. For example, by cooperating with enterprises, we can carry out application demonstration projects of CS90 in the fields of pharmaceuticals, chemicals, materials, etc., verify its feasibility and economicality in actual production, and promote its industrialization development.

In short, as an efficient and environmentally friendly tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 provides new ideas and directions for the development of green chemistry. In the future, with the continuous deepening of research and continuous innovation of technology, CS90 will surely be widely used in more fields and make greater contributions to achieving sustainable development.

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