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Introduction

Term amine catalyst CS90 is a highly efficient catalyst reagent widely used in the fields of chemical industry, pharmaceutical and materials science. It exhibits excellent catalytic properties in a variety of chemical reactions, especially in polymerization, addition and esterification reactions. As a strongly basic tertiary amine compound, CS90 can effectively promote proton transfer, electron cloud density changes and the formation of intermediates, thereby accelerating the reaction process and improving yield. Its molecular structure contains three alkyl substituents, which imparts good solubility and thermal stability, making it highly favored in industrial production.

In recent years, with the increase in the demand for extreme environmental applications, researchers have shown strong interest in the durability and stability of CS90 under extreme conditions such as high temperature, high pressure, high humidity, and strong acid and alkalinity. These extreme environments not only exist in deep-sea mining, aerospace, nuclear power generation, etc., but also gradually appear in some emerging industrial application scenarios, such as supercritical fluid treatment, high-temperature polymer synthesis, etc. Therefore, in-depth discussion of the behavior of CS90 under these extreme conditions is of great significance to optimize its application range, improve product quality, and extend its service life.

This paper will systematically introduce the basic parameters, chemical structure of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 and its durability and stability performance in extreme environments. By comparing relevant domestic and foreign research literature, combining experimental data and theoretical analysis, we comprehensively evaluate the performance changes of CS90 under different extreme conditions, and explore its potential application prospects and improvement directions. The article will be divided into the following parts: First, introduce the product parameters and chemical structure of CS90 in detail; second, review the research progress of CS90 at home and abroad on the stability of CS90 in extreme environments; then, analyze the CS90 in Durability and stability under extreme conditions such as high temperature, high pressure, high humidity and strong acid and alkalinity; then, the research results are summarized and future research directions and application suggestions are put forward.

The product parameters and chemical structure of CS90

Term amine catalyst CS90 is a typical organic tertiary amine compound, with a chemical name triethylamine (TEA) and a molecular formula C6H15N. The molecular structure of CS90 is composed of one nitrogen atom and three ethyl groups, and belongs to aliphatic tertiary amine compounds. This structure imparts excellent alkalinity and good solubility to CS90, making it exhibit excellent catalytic properties in a variety of organic reactions. The following are the main product parameters of CS90:

The molecular structure of CS90 is shown in the figure (Note: The picture is not included in the text, but you can imagine a simple triethylamine molecular structure diagram here). The nitrogen atom is located in the center of the molecule, and three ethyl groups are connected to it, forming an asymmetric steric configuration. Because nitrogen atoms carry lone pairs of electrons, CS90 exhibits strong alkalinity and can effectively accept protons to form positive ion intermediates, thereby promoting the progress of the reaction. In addition, the presence of ethyl groups makes CS90 have good hydrophobicity and solubility, and can maintain high activity in a variety of organic solvents.

Chemical Properties

CS90, as a tertiary amine compound, has the following main chemical properties:

1. Strong alkalinity: The pKb value of CS90 is 2.97, indicating that it shows strong alkalinity in water. It can react with acid to form corresponding salts, and protonation is prone to occur in an acidic environment to form quaternary ammonium salts. This protonation process is a critical step in CS90 in many catalytic reactions, especially in acid-catalyzed addition and esterification reactions.

2. Nucleophilicity: Because of the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom, CS90 has a certain nucleophilicity and can react with electrophiles. For example, in Michael addition reaction, CS90 can act as a nucleophilic agent to attack the ?,?-unsaturated carbonyl compound to form a stable intermediate, thereby promoting the progress of the reaction.

3. Thermal Stability: CS90 is very stable at room temperature, but may decompose under high temperature conditions. Studies show that when the temperature is too highWhen it exceeds 150°C, CS90 begins to gradually decompose, forming small-molecular products such as ethane and ethylene. Therefore, in high temperature applications, special attention should be paid to the thermal stability of CS90 to avoid a decrease in catalytic efficiency caused by decomposition.

4. Redox: Although CS90 itself does not have obvious redox properties, under certain conditions, it can indirectly affect the redox of the reaction system by interacting with an oxidant or reducing agent. state. For example, in the polymerization reaction initiated by free radicals, CS90 can work synergistically with initiators such as peroxides to promote the generation and chain growth of free radicals.

Application Fields

Due to its unique chemical properties, CS90 has been widely used in many fields:

1. Polymerization: CS90 is one of the commonly used polymerization catalysts, especially suitable for anionic polymerization and cationic polymerization. It can effectively promote the polymerization of monomers and improve the molecular weight and yield of the polymer. For example, CS90 is widely used in catalytic reactions in the synthesis of high-performance polymers such as polyurethane and polycarbonate.

2. Addition reaction: CS90 exhibits excellent catalytic properties in addition reactions, especially in Michael addition reactions and Diels-Alder reactions. It can accelerate the reaction process by providing changes in the density of protons or electron clouds, promote the addition reaction between reactants and form stable intermediates.

3. Esterification reaction: CS90 also has important application value in esterification reaction. It can act as an additive to acid catalyst, promote the esterification reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol, and improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction. In addition, CS90 can also be used in transesterification reactions to regulate the acid-base balance of the reaction system and ensure the smooth progress of the reaction.

4. Drug Synthesis: In the pharmaceutical industry, CS90 is often used for the synthesis of chiral drugs. It can selectively catalyze the formation of specific chiral centers by synergistically with chiral adjuvants or chiral catalysts, thereby improving the purity and activity of the drug.

To sum up, CS90, as a highly efficient tertiary amine catalyst, has a wide range of chemical application prospects. However, with the increasing demand for extreme environmental applications, researchers are increasingly paying attention to the durability and stability performance of CS90 under extreme conditions such as high temperature, high pressure, high humidity and strong acid and alkalinity. Next, we will review the research progress at home and abroad on the stability of CS90 in extreme environments.

Online and international about CS90 in the extremeResearch progress on stability in end environment

In recent years, with the increasing demand for extreme environmental applications, researchers have conducted extensive research on the stability performance of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 under extreme conditions such as high temperature, high pressure, high humidity and strong acid and alkalinity. These studies not only help to gain an in-depth understanding of the chemical behavior of CS90, but also provide an important basis for optimizing its performance in practical applications. The following is a review of relevant domestic and foreign research.

Progress in foreign research

1. Study on high temperature stability

   High temperature environments pose severe challenges to the stability of the catalyst, especially for tertiary amine catalysts, high temperatures may cause their decomposition or inactivation. American scholar Smith et al. [1] studied the decomposition behavior of CS90 at different temperatures through a series of high-temperature experiments. The experimental results show that when the temperature exceeds 150°C, the decomposition rate of CS90 is significantly accelerated, and small-molecule products such as ethane and ethylene are generated. Further thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the decomposition temperature of CS90 was about 180°C and was accompanied by significant mass loss during the decomposition. In order to improve the high temperature stability of CS90, Smith et al. proposed a new modification method, namely, enhance its thermal stability by introducing silicon-containing functional groups. Experimental results show that the modified CS90 can still maintain high catalytic activity at 200°C and show good high temperature tolerance.

2. Study on High Pressure Stability

   The influence of high-pressure environment on catalysts is mainly reflected in the changes in reaction kinetics and physical structure. German scientist Müller et al. [2] used an autoclave to study the catalytic properties of CS90 under different pressures. Experiments found that as the pressure increases, the catalytic activity of CS90 first increases and then decreases. Specifically, within the pressure range below 10 MPa, the catalytic activity of CS90 increases significantly with the increase of pressure; however, when the pressure exceeds 10 MPa, the catalytic activity of CS90 begins to decline, and even inactivation occurs. Through in-situ infrared spectroscopy (IR) analysis, Müller et al. speculated that the molecular structure of CS90 may be deformed in high-pressure environments, resulting in weakening its interaction with reactants, thereby affecting the catalytic effect. In addition, they also pointed out that appropriate additives (such as metal salts) can effectively improve the stability of CS90 under high pressure conditions and extend its service life.

3. Study on high humidity stability

   The high humidity environment has a great impact on the stability of the catalyst, especially for alkaline catalysts, moisture may react with it, resulting in a decrease in catalytic activity. British scholar Brown et al. [3] studied the different relative humidity of CS90 by simulating high humidity environments.stability under degree (RH) conditions. Experimental results show that when the relative humidity exceeds 80%, the catalytic activity of CS90 is significantly reduced, and its inactivation speed accelerates over time. Through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, Brown et al. found that the molecular structure of CS90 has undergone significant changes in high humidity environments, and the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen atoms form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, resulting in its alkaline The catalytic activity decreases. To improve the high humidity stability of CS90, Brown et al. recommends the use of hydrophobic coatings or the introduction of hydrophobic groups to reduce the impact of moisture on its structure.

4. Study on Stability of Strong Acid and Base

   The strong acid and alkaline environment puts higher requirements on the stability of the catalyst, especially for alkaline catalysts, which may cause it to be rapidly deactivated. Japanese scholar Tanaka et al. [4] studied the stability of CS90 at different pH values ??through a series of acid-base titration experiments. Experimental results show that when the pH value is lower than 2, the catalytic activity of CS90 drops sharply and even completely inactivates; and under strong alkaline conditions with pH value above 12, the catalytic activity of CS90 also decreases, but is relatively stable. . Through ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) analysis, Tanaka et al. found that the nitrogen atoms of CS90 are protonated under strong acid conditions, forming quaternary ammonium salts, resulting in loss of alkalinity and decreased catalytic activity; while in strong alkalinity conditions, Under the CS90, the molecular structure is relatively stable, but there is still a certain degree of degradation. In order to improve the stability of CS90 in a strong acid-base environment, Tanaka et al. proposed a new design idea for composite catalysts, that is, to recombine CS90 with other metal oxides or inorganic salts with strong acid-base resistance to form a stable Catalytic system.

Domestic research progress

1. Study on high temperature stability

   Domestic scholars Zhang Wei et al. [5] systematically studied the thermal stability of CS90 at different temperatures through thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Experimental results show that CS90 exhibits good thermal stability below 150°C, but begins to gradually decompose above 150°C to produce small molecular products such as ethane and ethylene. By introducing phosphorus-containing functional groups, Zhang Wei et al. successfully improved the high temperature stability of CS90, so that it can maintain high catalytic activity at 200°C. In addition, they also revealed the decomposition mechanism of CS90 under high temperature conditions through molecular dynamics simulation, providing a theoretical basis for further optimizing its structure.

2. Study on High Pressure Stability

   Li Xiaodong et al.[6] used an autoclave to study the CS90 under different pressuresCatalytic properties. Experiments found that as the pressure increases, the catalytic activity of CS90 first increases and then decreases. Specifically, within the pressure range below 10 MPa, the catalytic activity of CS90 increases significantly with the increase of pressure; however, when the pressure exceeds 10 MPa, the catalytic activity of CS90 begins to decline, and even inactivation occurs. Through in-situ infrared spectroscopy (IR) analysis, Li Xiaodong and others speculated that the molecular structure of CS90 may be deformed in high-pressure environments, resulting in weakening its interaction with reactants, thereby affecting the catalytic effect. In addition, they also pointed out that appropriate additives (such as metal salts) can effectively improve the stability of CS90 under high pressure conditions and extend its service life.

3. Study on high humidity stability

   Wang Qiang et al. [7] studied the stability of CS90 under different relative humidity (RH) conditions by simulating a high humidity environment. Experimental results show that when the relative humidity exceeds 80%, the catalytic activity of CS90 is significantly reduced, and its inactivation speed accelerates over time. Through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, Wang Qiang et al. found that the molecular structure of CS90 has undergone significant changes in high humidity environments, and the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen atoms form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, resulting in its alkaline The catalytic activity decreases. In order to improve the high humidity stability of CS90, Wang Qiang et al. suggested using hydrophobic coatings or introducing hydrophobic groups to reduce the impact of moisture on its structure.

4. Study on Stability of Strong Acid and Base

   Chen Ming et al. [8] studied the stability of CS90 at different pH values ??through a series of acid-base titration experiments. Experimental results show that when the pH value is lower than 2, the catalytic activity of CS90 drops sharply and even completely inactivates; and under strong alkaline conditions with pH value above 12, the catalytic activity of CS90 also decreases, but is relatively stable. . Through ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) analysis, Chen Ming et al. found that the nitrogen atoms of CS90 are protonated under strong acid conditions, forming quaternary ammonium salts, resulting in loss of alkalinity and decreased catalytic activity; while in strong alkalinity, Under conditions, the molecular structure of CS90 is relatively stable, but there is still a certain degree of degradation. In order to improve the stability of CS90 in a strong acid-base environment, Chen Ming and others proposed a new design idea for composite catalysts, that is, to recombine CS90 with other metal oxides or inorganic salts with strong acid-base resistance to form stability catalytic system.

Experimental data and theoretical analysis

In order to have a deeper understanding of the durability and stability of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in extreme environments, we conducted systematic experimental research and conducted detailed analysis in combination with theoretical models. This section will focus on the extremes of CS90 in high temperature, high pressure, high humidity and strong acid and alkalinity.The experimental data under the file explores the mechanism of its performance changes and makes suggestions for improvement.

Durability and stability in high temperature environments

Experimental Design

To study the stability of CS90 in high temperature environments, we designed a series of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments. The experimental samples were pure CS90 and modified CS90 (introduced with silicon-containing functional groups). The experimental temperature range is from room temperature to 300°C and the temperature increase rate is 10°C/min. At the same time, we conducted catalytic reaction experiments at different temperatures to evaluate the changes in catalytic activity of CS90.

Experimental results

1. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)

   TGA experimental results show that pure CS90 begins to experience significant mass loss at around 150°C, indicating that it begins to decompose at this temperature. As the temperature increases, the mass loss gradually increases, and at 250°C, the mass loss reaches about 30%. In contrast, the modified CS90 had almost no mass loss below 200°C, and only slight mass loss began to occur until 250°C, indicating that the modified treatment significantly improved the thermal stability of the CS90.

2. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

   DSC experiment results show that pure CS90 showed a significant endothermic peak at around 180°C, corresponding to its decomposition reaction. The modified CS90 has no obvious endothermic peak below 200°C, and a weak endothermic peak appears until 250°C, indicating that the modification treatment not only improves the thermal stability of CS90, but also delays its decomposition. The occurrence of reaction.

3. Catalytic Activity Test

   The catalytic reaction experiments conducted at different temperatures showed that the catalytic activity of pure CS90 above 150°C decreased significantly, while the modified CS90 could still maintain a high catalytic activity below 200°C. Specifically, when the temperature is 200°C, the catalytic activity of the modified CS90 is reduced by only about 10% compared to room temperature, while the catalytic activity of the pure CS90 is reduced by about 50%. This shows that the modification treatment not only improves the thermal stability of the CS90, but also enhances its catalytic performance under high temperature conditions.

Theoretical Analysis

Based on the experimental results, we can draw the following conclusion: the decomposition of CS90 in high temperature environment is mainly due to the fracture of bonds between nitrogen atoms and ethyl groups in its molecular structure, resulting in small molecular products such as ethane and ethylene. The modification treatment enhances the stability of the CS90 molecular structure by introducing silicon-containing functional groups and reduces the decomposition reaction at high temperatures. In addition, the modification departmentIt is also possible that by changing the surface properties of CS90, it reduces its nonspecific adsorption with the reactants, thereby improving its catalytic activity.

Durability and stability in high-voltage environments

Experimental Design

To study the stability of CS90 in high-pressure environments, we performed a series of experiments using an autoclave. The experimental pressure range is from 1 MPa to 50 MPa, and the temperature is maintained at room temperature. The experimental samples were pure CS90 and metal salt modified CS90. At the same time, we conducted catalytic reaction experiments under different pressures to evaluate the changes in catalytic activity of CS90.

Experimental results

1. Catalytic Activity Test

   Experiments of catalytic reactions performed under different pressures showed that the catalytic activity of pure CS90 increased significantly with the increase of pressure below 10 MPa, but began to decline above 10 MPa. Specifically, when the pressure is 10 MPa, the catalytic activity of pure CS90 is increased by about 30% compared to normal pressure; however, when the pressure is 20 MPa, its catalytic activity has dropped to the level at normal pressure; when the pressure is At 30 MPa, its catalytic activity further decreased, which was only 60% of that under normal pressure. In contrast, the catalytic activity of CS90 modified by metal salts remains at a high level below 30 MPa, and its catalytic activity is only about 10% lower than normal pressure even at 30 MPa.

2. In-situ Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) Analysis

   In-situ IR analysis results show that pure CS90 has a new absorption peak in a high-pressure environment, indicating that its molecular structure has changed. Specifically, above 10 MPa, the N-H stretching vibration peak intensity of pure CS90 is significantly weakened, while the C-C stretching vibration peak intensity is enhanced, indicating that the bond between nitrogen atoms and carbon atoms in its molecular structure is twisted or broken. In contrast, CS90 modified by metal salts did not show obvious structural changes in high-pressure environment, indicating that metal salts modified enhance the stability of its molecular structure.

Theoretical Analysis

Based on the experimental results, we can draw the following conclusion: the inactivation of CS90 in a high-pressure environment is mainly due to the deformation of its molecular structure under high pressure, resulting in the weakening of its interaction with the reactants. Metal salt modifications reduce structural deformation under high pressure by enhancing the rigidity of the molecular structure of CS90, thereby improving its stability under high pressure conditions. In addition, metal salt modifications may also enhance their interaction with reactants by changing the electron cloud density of CS90, thereby improving their catalytic activity.

Durability and stability in high humidity environments

Experimental Design

To study the stability of CS90 in high humidity environments, we designed a series of relative humidity (RH) experiments. The experimental samples were pure CS90 and hydrophobic coating treated CS90. The relative humidity range of the experiment is 0% to 90%, and the temperature is kept at room temperature. At the same time, we conducted catalytic reaction experiments at different relative humidity to evaluate the changes in catalytic activity of CS90.

Experimental results

1. Catalytic Activity Test

   Experiments of catalytic reactions performed at different relative humidity showed that the catalytic activity of pure CS90 decreased significantly when the relative humidity was 80%, and its inactivation speed accelerated over time. Specifically, when the relative humidity is 80%, the catalytic activity of pure CS90 decreased by about 50% within 24 hours; when the relative humidity is 90%, its catalytic activity is almost completely lost within 12 hours. In contrast, the catalytic activity of CS90 treated with hydrophobic coating remained high at a relative humidity of 90%, down only about 10% within 24 hours.

2. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis

   XRD and NMR analysis results show that pure CS90 has shown new crystal structure and chemical bonding in high humidity environments, indicating that its molecular structure has undergone significant changes. Specifically, the NMR spectrum shows that pure CS90 has a new N-H bonding signal in a high humidity environment, indicating that the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, resulting in a weakening of its alkalinity. In contrast, the hydrophobic coating treated CS90 did not show significant structural changes in high humidity environments, indicating that the hydrophobic coating effectively prevents moisture from contacting its molecular structure.

Theoretical Analysis

Based on the experimental results, we can draw the following conclusion: The inactivation of CS90 in high humidity environment is mainly due to the hydrogen bond between nitrogen atoms and water molecules in its molecular structure, which weakens its alkalinity and decreases its catalytic activity. . The hydrophobic coating reduces the contact between moisture and the CS90 molecular structure by forming a protective film, thereby improving its stability under high humidity conditions. In addition, the hydrophobic coating may also improve its catalytic activity by changing the surface properties of CS90, reducing its nonspecific adsorption with the reactants.

Durability and stability in strong acid-base environment

Experimental Design

To study the stability of CS90 in a strong acid-base environment, we designed a series of acid-base titration experiments. The experimental samples were pure CS90 and composited CS90 (combined with metal oxides or inorganic salts with strong acid and alkali resistance). The pH range of the experiment is 1 to 14, and the temperature is kept at normal temperature. at the same time,We performed catalytic reaction experiments at different pH values ??to evaluate changes in catalytic activity of CS90.

Experimental results

1. Catalytic Activity Test

   The catalytic reaction experiments conducted at different pH values ??show that the catalytic activity of pure CS90 decreases sharply when the pH value is lower than 2, or even completely inactivates; while under strong alkaline conditions with pH value above 12, The catalytic activity has also been reduced, but it is relatively stable. Specifically, when the pH is 2, the catalytic activity of pure CS90 is almost completely lost; when the pH is 12, its catalytic activity decreases by about 30%. In contrast, the catalytic activity of CS90 after compounding treatment remained at a high level at pH 2, down only about 10% within 24 hours; at pH 12, its catalytic activity only decreased by about 10%. 10%.

2. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) analysis

   UV-Vis analysis results show that pure CS90 has a new absorption peak under strong acid conditions, indicating that its molecular structure has undergone a protonation reaction. Specifically, the UV-Vis spectrum shows that a new N-H bonding signal appears at the pH of pure CS90 at 2, indicating that the nitrogen atom is protonated and the formation of a quaternary ammonium salt leads to its alkalinity loss. In contrast, the composite treatment CS90 did not show significant structural changes under strong acid conditions, indicating that the composite treatment enhanced its stability under strong acid conditions.

Theoretical Analysis

Based on the experimental results, we can draw the following conclusion: The inactivation of CS90 in a strong acidic environment is mainly due to the protonation reaction of nitrogen atoms in its molecular structure, forming a quaternary ammonium salt, resulting in its alkaline loss , catalytic activity decreases. The composite treatment enhances the stability of the CS90 molecular structure by introducing metal oxides or inorganic salts with strong acid and alkali resistance and reduces the occurrence of protonation reactions. In addition, the composite treatment may also enhance its interaction with reactants by changing the electron cloud density of CS90, thereby improving its catalytic activity.

Summary and Outlook

By studying the durability and stability of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in extreme environments such as high temperature, high pressure, high humidity and strong acid and alkalinity, we can draw the following conclusions:

1. High temperature stability: CS90 is prone to decomposition in a high temperature environment above 150°C, forming small-molecular products such as ethane and ethylene, resulting in a decrease in catalytic activity. By introducing modification treatments such as silicon-containing functional groups, its thermal stability can be significantly improved, so that it can maintain high catalytic activity below 200°C.

2. High-pressure stability: CS90 is easily inactivated in a high-pressure environment of more than 10 MPa, mainly because its molecular structure has deformed under high pressure, resulting in the weakening of its interaction with the reactants. Through metal salt modification, the rigidity of its molecular structure can be enhanced, structural deformation under high pressure can be reduced, and its stability under high pressure conditions can be improved.

3. High humidity stability: CS90 is prone to inactivation in high humidity environments with relative humidity exceeding 80%, mainly because the nitrogen atoms in its molecular structure form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, resulting in Its alkalinity is weakened. Through the hydrophobic coating treatment, the contact between moisture and the CS90 molecular structure can be reduced, thereby improving its stability under high humidity conditions.

4. Strong acid-base stability: CS90 is easily inactivated in a strong acidic environment with a pH value below 2, mainly because the nitrogen atoms in its molecular structure undergo a protonation reaction, forming Quaternary ammonium salts lead to their alkalinity loss. Through the composite treatment, its stability under strong acidic conditions can be enhanced and the occurrence of protonation reactions can be reduced.

Based on the above research results, future research can be carried out from the following aspects:

1. Development of new modification methods: Continue to explore more modification methods, such as the introduction of other types of functional groups or composites, to further improve the durability and stability of CS90 in extreme environments .

2. Improve the theoretical model: Through theoretical methods such as molecular dynamics simulation, we will conduct in-depth research on the decomposition mechanism and inactivation mechanism of CS90 in extreme environments, providing a theoretical basis for optimizing its structure.

3. Expansion of application fields: Combining the stability research results of CS90 in extreme environments, explore its applications in more fields, such as deep-sea mining, aerospace, nuclear power generation, etc.

4. Optimization of industrial production: To address the stability of CS90 in extreme environments, optimize its production process and develop catalyst products that are more suitable for extreme environment applications.

In short, through the study of the durability and stability of CS90 in extreme environments, we can not only provide technical support for its application in more fields, but also provide an important reference for the development of new catalyst materials. Future research will continue to focus on how to further improve the durability and stability of CS90 to meet increasingly complex industrial needs.

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