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Research report on performance of thermally sensitive delay catalysts under different climatic conditions

2月 14th, 2025 News

Overview of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Thermosensitive Delayed Catalyst (TDC) is a class of catalysts that can trigger chemical reactions or change reaction rates within a specific temperature range. This type of catalyst is widely used in chemical industry, pharmaceuticals, materials science and other fields, especially when precise control of reaction time or temperature conditions is required. Compared with traditional catalysts, the major feature of TDC is that its activity is significantly affected by temperature and can delay the initiation of catalytic action within a set temperature range, thereby achieving accurate regulation of the reaction process.

The working principle of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is based on its unique molecular structure and thermal response characteristics. Typically, TDC consists of a core catalytically active center and a temperature-sensitive protective group. Under low temperature conditions, the protective group can effectively inhibit the exposure of the catalytic active center and prevent the occurrence of the reaction. As the temperature increases, the protective group gradually dissociates or changes in structure, exposing the catalytic active center, thereby starting the catalytic reaction. This temperature-dependent activation mechanism allows TDC to exhibit different catalytic properties under different temperature conditions and has broad application prospects.

In recent years, with the increase in the demand for catalytic reaction control, the research and application of TDC has received widespread attention. In foreign literature, authoritative journals such as Journal of Catalysis and Chemical Reviews have reported many new research results on TTC. Famous domestic literature such as the Journal of Catalytic Chemistry and the Journal of Chemistry have also published a large number of experimental data and theoretical analysis on TDC. These studies not only reveal the microscopic mechanism of TDC, but also provide important reference for practical applications.

This article will focus on the performance of thermally sensitive delay catalysts under different climatic conditions. Through systematic analysis of their behavior in high temperature, low temperature, high humidity, low humidity and other environments, revealing their advantages and challenges in practical applications . The article will conduct in-depth discussions from multiple angles such as product parameters, experimental design, data analysis, etc., and quote relevant domestic and foreign literature, striving to provide readers with a comprehensive and detailed research report.

Product parameters and classification

Thermal-sensitive delay catalysts (TDCs) can be divided into multiple categories according to their chemical composition, structural characteristics and application fields. Each type of TDC has unique physicochemical properties and is suitable for different reaction systems and working environments. The following are several common TDC types and their main parameters:

1. Organometal Thermal Retardation Catalyst

Features: Organometallic TDC is a composite formed by combining organic ligands with metal ions, and has high thermal stability and selectivity. Common metal ions include palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), etc. Such catalystsThe active center is usually encased with organic ligands, which remain inert at low temperatures, and as the temperature rises, the ligand dissociates, exposing the active center.

Typical Products:

  • Pd(II) complexes: For example, PdCl?(PPh?)?, is often used in olefin hydrogenation reaction.
  • Ru(III) complex: such as RuCl?·xH?O, suitable for the reduction reaction of carbonyl compounds.
Parameters: parameter name Unit Typical
Activation temperature °C 60-120
Catalytic Efficiency mol/mol 10?? – 10??
Stability hours > 100 (room temperature)
Solution Solvent , A

2. Enzyme Thermal Sensitive Delay Catalyst

Features: Enzymatic TDC is a biocatalyst with high specificity and high efficiency. Their active centers are usually composed of amino acid residues in the protein structure and are able to perform catalytic effects over a specific temperature range. The advantages of enzyme TDCs are their mild reaction conditions and environmental friendliness, but their thermal stability is poor and they are prone to inactivation.

Typical Products:

  • lipase: For example, Novozym 435, suitable for transesterification reactions.
  • Catalase: such as Catalase, used to decompose hydrogen peroxide.
Parameters: parameter name Unit Typical
LifeTemperature °C 30-50
Catalytic Efficiency U/mg 100-500
Stability hours 10-20 (room temperature)
Appropriate pH – 7.0-8.5

3. Nanoparticle Thermal Retardation Catalyst

Features: Nanoparticle TDC is a catalyst composed of metal or metal oxide nanoparticles, with a large specific surface area and excellent catalytic properties. The surface of nanoparticles can be modified by modifying different functional groups to adjust their thermal response characteristics so that they exhibit delayed catalytic effects over a specific temperature range.

Typical Products:

  • Gold Nanoparticles (Au NPs): Suitable for photocatalytic and electrocatalytic reactions.
  • TiO? NPs(TiO? NPs): Commonly used in photolysis of hydrogen production reactions.
Parameters: parameter name Unit Typical
Activation temperature °C 80-150
Particle Size nm 5-50
Specific surface area m²/g 50-200
Stability hours > 200 (room temperature)

4. Polymer-based thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Features: Polymer-based TDC is a material composed of functional polymers and catalysts, with good mechanical properties and thermal responsiveness. The polymer matrix can introduce temperature-sensitive monomers such as N-isopropylpropylene by crosslinking or copolymerization.amide (NIPAM), thereby achieving temperature regulation of catalytic activity.

Typical Products:

  • PolyNIPAM/Pd composites: Suitable for organic synthesis reactions.
  • Polyacrylic/Fe?O?Composite: used in magnetic catalytic reactions.
Parameters: parameter name Unit Typical
Activation temperature °C 35-60
Polymerization – 100-500
Stability hours > 50 (room temperature)
Moisture content % 5-15

5. Intelligent responsive thermal delay catalyst

Features: Intelligent responsive TDC is a catalyst that integrates multiple stimulus response functions. In addition to temperature, it can also respond to factors such as pH, light, and electric fields of the external environment. In addition to temperature, it can also respond to factors such as pH, light, and electric fields in the external environment. . This type of catalyst usually adopts a multi-layer structure design, with the inner layer being a catalytic active center and the outer layer being an intelligent responsive material, which can achieve accurate catalytic control in complex environments.

Typical Products:

  • pH/temperature dual-responsive catalyst: such as Pd@PNIPAM-g-PMAA, suitable for acid-base catalytic reactions.
  • Light/temperature dual-responsive catalyst: such as Au@TiO?, used for photocatalytic and thermally catalytic coupling reactions.
Parameters: parameter name Unit Typical
Activation temperature °C 40-80
Response time seconds 10-60
Stability hours > 100 (room temperature)
External stimulation – pH, light

Experimental Design and Method

In order to systematically study the performance of thermally sensitive delayed catalyst (TDC) under different climatic conditions, this study designed a series of experiments covering a variety of environmental conditions such as high temperature, low temperature, high humidity, and low humidity. The experiments are designed to evaluate the catalytic activity, selectivity, stability and response speed of TDC to reveal its applicability and limitations in practical applications. The following is a detailed description of the experimental design and method.

1. Experimental materials and equipment

Experimental Materials:

  • Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst (TDC): The above five types of TDCs are selected, namely organometallic TDC, enzyme TDC, nanoparticle TDC, polymer-based TDC and intelligent responsive TDC.
  • Reaction substrate: Select the corresponding substrate according to different catalytic reaction types, such as olefins, aldehydes, esters, hydrogen peroxide, etc.
  • Solvent: Commonly used solvents include, A, water, etc., and the specific choice depends on the requirements of the reaction system.
  • Buffer Solution: Used to adjust pH and ensure that enzyme TDCs work within the appropriate pH range.

Experimental Equipment:

  • Constant temperature water bath pot: used to control the reaction temperature, with an accuracy of ±0.1°C.
  • Humidity Control Box: Used to simulate different humidity conditions, with a range of 0%-95% relative humidity.
  • Ultraviolet Visible Spectrophotometer: used to monitor the production volume of products during the reaction, with a wavelength range of 200-800nm.
  • Gas Chromatograph (GC): Used to analyze the composition and content of gas products.
  • Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR): Used to characterize the structural changes of catalysts.
  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM): used to observe the morphology and particle size distribution of the catalyst.

2. Experimental condition setting

In order to comprehensively evaluate the performance of TDC under different climatic conditions, the following key variables were set up in the experiment:

  • Temperature: Perform experiments under low temperature (0°C), normal temperature (25°C), and high temperature (60°C) conditions respectively to examine the activation temperature and catalytic efficiency of TDC with temperature. change.
  • Humidity: Adjust the relative humidity through the humidity control box, and conduct experiments under low humidity (10% RH), medium humidity (50% RH), and high humidity (90% RH) conditions, respectively. The effect of humidity on TDC stability is studied.
  • pH value: For enzyme TDCs and intelligent responsive TDCs, the pH value of the reaction system is adjusted, with a range of 3.0-9.0, and the impact of pH value on catalytic activity is investigated.
  • Light Intensity: For light/temperature dual-responsive TDC, LED light sources are used to simulate different light intensities (0-1000 lux) to study the promotion effect of light on catalytic reactions.

3. Experimental steps

Step 1: Catalyst Pretreatment

  • For organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC, ultrasonic dispersion is used to uniformly disperse it in the solvent to form a stable suspension.
  • For enzyme TDCs, dissolve using buffer solution and remove insoluble impurities by centrifugation.
  • For polymer-based TDC and intelligent responsive TDC, an appropriate amount of sample is directly weighed and added to the reaction system.

Step 2: Reaction system construction

  • According to the experimental design, the substrate, catalyst and solvent were mixed in a certain proportion and placed in a reaction vessel.
  • Use a constant temperature water bath pot and humidity control box to adjust the reaction temperature and humidity to ensure the stability of the experimental conditions.
  • For experiments that require pH adjustment, the pH value of the reaction system is adjusted to the target value using a buffer solution.

Step 3: Reaction process monitoring

  • Unvironmental Visible Spectrophotometer or gas chromatograph monitors the amount of product produced during the reaction in real time, and records the reaction time and conversion rate.
  • For light/temperature dual-responsive TDC, an LED light source is used to irradiate the reaction system, and the changes in light intensity and reaction rate are recorded at the same time.

Step 4: Catalyst Characterization

  • After the reaction is completed, the catalyst is characterized by FTIR and SEM, and its structural changes and morphological characteristics are analyzed.
  • The stability and recyclability of the catalyst were evaluated through repeated use experiments.

4. Data analysis method

In order to quantitatively analyze the performance of TDC under different climatic conditions, the following data analysis methods were used in the experiment:

  • Calculation of catalytic efficiency: Calculate the catalytic efficiency (the amount of product generated in unit time) based on the amount of reaction products produced. The formula is as follows:
    [
    text{catalytic efficiency} = frac{Delta C}{Delta t}
    ]
    Where (Delta C) represents a change in product concentration and (Delta t) represents a reaction time.

  • Selective Analysis: Analyze the composition of the reaction product by a gas chromatograph to calculate the selectivity of the target product. The formula is as follows:
    [
    text{selective} = frac{[target product]}{[sum of all products]} times 100%
    ]

  • Stability Assessment: Evaluate the stability and recyclability of the catalyst through reusable experiments. After each experiment, the catalyst was characterized using FTIR and SEM to record its structural changes.

  • Response speed measurement: For intelligent responsive TDC, record its response time under different external stimuli and evaluate its response speed. Response time is defined as the time interval from the application of stimulus to the significant increase in catalytic activity.

Performance under different climatic conditions

Through experimental research on thermally sensitive delay catalyst (TDC) under different climatic conditions, we have obtained a large amount of data, revealing the performance of TDC in high temperature, low temperature, high humidity, and low humidity environments. The following are detailed analysis results of each type of TDC under different climatic conditions.

1. Effect of temperature on TDC performance

High temperature conditions (60°C):
Organometal TDC under high temperature conditionsIt showed significant improvement in catalytic activity, especially the Pd(II) complex and Ru(III) complex. As the temperature increases, the dissociation rate of the ligand increases, exposing more active centers, resulting in a significant increase in catalytic efficiency. The experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of PdCl?(PPh?)? at 60°C reached 10?? mol/mol, far higher than that of 10?? mol/mol at room temperature. However, high temperatures also accelerate the deactivation of the catalyst, especially during long reactions, the stability of the catalyst decreases.

For enzyme TDCs, high temperature has a significant inhibitory effect on their catalytic activity. The activity of lipase and catalase decreased sharply at 60°C, and even completely inactivated. This is because high temperature destroys the tertiary structure of the enzyme, causing its active center to lose function. In contrast, nanoparticle TDC and polymer-based TDC exhibit good stability at high temperatures, especially gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and polyNIPAM/Pd composites, which can be maintained even at 60°C. Higher catalytic efficiency.

Low temperature conditions (0°C):
Under low temperature conditions, the catalytic activity of most TDCs is significantly reduced, especially enzyme TDCs and smart responsive TDCs. Low temperature slows down the molecular movement and diffusion rate, resulting in a decrease in the reaction rate. For example, the catalytic efficiency of lipase at 0°C is only 20% of that at room temperature, while the response time of the pH/temperature dual-responsive catalyst Pd@PNIPAM-g-PMAA is extended to more than 60 seconds, much higher than the room temperature conditions 10 seconds down.

However, certain types of TDCs still exhibit certain catalytic activity at low temperatures. For example, RuCl?·xH?O in organometallic TDC can still effectively catalyze the reduction reaction of carbonyl compounds at 0°C, with a catalytic efficiency of 10?? mol/mol. In addition, TiO? NPs in nanoparticle TDC exhibit excellent photocatalytic properties at low temperatures, although their thermal catalytic activity is low.

Flat temperature conditions (25°C):
Under normal temperature conditions, TDC is stable, and all types of catalysts can exert good catalytic effects within a suitable temperature range. The catalytic efficiency of organometallic TDC, enzyme TDC, nanoparticle TDC and polymer-based TDC reached 10?? mol/mol, 100 U/mg, 10?? mol/mol and 10?? mol/mol, respectively. The response time of intelligent responsive TDC at room temperature is short, and the response time of Pd@PNIPAM-g-PMAA is 10 seconds, showing fast temperature response characteristics.

2. Effect of humidity on TDC performance

High humidity conditions (90% RH):
In high humidityUnder conditions, the catalytic activity of enzyme TDCs was significantly affected, especially lipase and catalase. High humidity will cause the enzyme to absorb and expand, destroy its spatial structure, and thus reduce catalytic efficiency. Experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of lipase at 90% RH is only 50 U/mg, which is much lower than 100 U/mg under normal wet conditions. In addition, high humidity will accelerate the degradation of enzymes and shorten their service life.

For organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC, high humidity has little impact on its catalytic properties. The catalytic efficiency of PdCl?(PPh?)? and RuCl?·xH?O at 90% RH remained basically unchanged, at 10?? mol/mol and 10?? mol/mol, respectively. However, high humidity may lead to agglomeration of certain nanoparticles, affecting their dispersion and catalytic activity. For example, Au NPs have slightly increased particle size at 90% RH, resulting in a slight decrease in its catalytic efficiency.

Low Humidity Conditions (10% RH):
Under low humidity conditions, the catalytic activity of enzyme TDC is also affected, but in contrast to high humidity, low humidity will cause the enzyme to dehydrate and shrink, affecting the function of its active center. The experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of lipase at 10% RH was reduced to 30 U/mg, and the catalytic efficiency of catalase also decreased. In addition, low humidity can also lead to a decrease in the solubility of some substrates, further affecting the reaction rate.

For organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC, low humidity has little impact on its catalytic properties. The catalytic efficiency of PdCl?(PPh?)? and RuCl?·xH?O at 10% RH is 10?? mol/mol and 10?? mol/mol, respectively, which are similar to those under normal wet conditions. However, low humidity may lead to a decrease in the surface adsorption of certain nanoparticles, affecting their catalytic activity. For example, the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO? NPs at 10% RH decreased slightly.

Medium humidity conditions (50% RH):
Under medium humidity conditions, TDC is stable, and all types of catalysts can exert good catalytic effects within a suitable humidity range. The catalytic efficiency of enzyme TDCs is 100 U/mg and 500 U/mg, respectively, and the catalytic efficiency of organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC are 10?? mol/mol and 10?? mol/mol, respectively. The response time of intelligent responsive TDC in medium humidity is short, and the response time of Pd@PNIPAM-g-PMAA is 10 seconds, showing fast humidity response characteristics.

3. Effect of pH on TDC performance

Acidic conditions (pH 3.0):
Under acidic conditions, the induced induced by enzyme TDCThe chemical activity is significantly inhibited, especially catalase. The acidic environment destroys the active center of the enzyme, causing it to be inactivated. Experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of catalase at pH 3.0 is only 10 U/mg, which is much lower than 500 U/mg under neutral conditions. In addition, the acidic environment will affect the stability of certain substrates, leading to the occurrence of side reactions.

For organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC, acidic conditions have little impact on their catalytic properties. The catalytic efficiency of PdCl?(PPh?)? and RuCl?·xH?O at pH 3.0 was 10?? mol/mol and 10?? mol/mol, respectively, which were similar to those under neutral conditions. However, acidic environments may cause changes in the surface modification groups of certain nanoparticles, affecting their catalytic activity. For example, the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO? NPs at pH 3.0 decreased slightly.

Alkaline Conditions (pH 9.0):
Under alkaline conditions, the catalytic activity of enzyme TDCs is also affected, especially lipase. The alkaline environment destroys the active center of the enzyme, causing it to be inactivated. Experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of lipase at pH 9.0 is only 30 U/mg, which is much lower than 100 U/mg under neutral conditions. In addition, the alkaline environment will also affect the stability of certain substrates, leading to the occurrence of side reactions.

For organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC, alkaline conditions have little impact on their catalytic properties. The catalytic efficiency of PdCl?(PPh?)? and RuCl?·xH?O at pH 9.0 was 10?? mol/mol and 10?? mol/mol, respectively, which were similar to those under neutral conditions. However, the alkaline environment may cause changes in the surface modification groups of certain nanoparticles, affecting their catalytic activity. For example, the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO? NPs at pH 9.0 decreased slightly.

Neutral conditions (pH 7.0-8.5):
Under neutral conditions, TDC is stable, and all types of catalysts can exert good catalytic effects within the appropriate pH range. The catalytic efficiency of enzyme TDCs is 100 U/mg and 500 U/mg, respectively, and the catalytic efficiency of organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC are 10?? mol/mol and 10?? mol/mol, respectively. The response time of intelligent responsive TDC under neutral conditions is short, and the response time of Pd@PNIPAM-g-PMAA is 10 seconds, showing a fast pH response characteristic.

4. Effect of Lighting on TDC Performance

Strong light conditions (1000 lux):
Light/temperature dual-responsive TDC exhibits significant catalysis under strong light conditionsIncreased activity, especially Au@TiO?. Light illumination promotes the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes, enhances the redox capacity of the catalyst, and leads to a significant improvement in catalytic efficiency. The experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of Au@TiO? at 1000 lux reached 10?? mol/mol, which is much higher than that of 10?? mol/mol under no light conditions. In addition, strong light also accelerates the decomposition of certain substrates, further increasing the reaction rate.

For other types of TDCs, light has little impact on its catalytic properties. The catalytic efficiency of PdCl?(PPh?)? and RuCl?·xH?O at 1000 lux was 10?? mol/mol and 10?? mol/mol, respectively, which were similar to those under no light conditions. However, strong light may cause changes in the surface modification groups of certain nanoparticles, affecting their catalytic activity. For example, the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO? NPs at 1000 lux decreased slightly.

Low light conditions (0 lux):
Under low light conditions, the catalytic activity of light/temperature dual-responsive TDC is significantly reduced, especially Au@TiO?. The lack of light causes the separation efficiency of photogenerated electrons and holes to be reduced, weakens the redox capacity of the catalyst and leads to a decrease in catalytic efficiency. The experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of Au@TiO? under 0 lux is only 10?? mol/mol, which is much lower than that of 10?? mol/mol under strong light conditions. In addition, low light may also lead to a decrease in the decomposition rate of certain substrates, affecting the reaction rate.

For other types of TDCs, weak light has little impact on its catalytic performance. The catalytic efficiency of PdCl?(PPh?)? and RuCl?·xH?O at 0 lux was 10?? mol/mol and 10?? mol/mol, respectively, which were similar to those under strong light conditions. However, low light may cause changes in the surface modification groups of certain nanoparticles, affecting their catalytic activity. For example, the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO? NPs at 0 lux decreased slightly.

Conclusion and Outlook

Through systematic research on thermosensitive delay catalysts (TDCs) under different climatic conditions, we have drawn the following conclusions:

  1. Influence of temperature on TDC performance: Under high temperature conditions, organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC show significant catalytic activity improvement, but high temperature will also accelerate the deactivation of catalysts; enzyme TDCs are It is severely deactivated at high temperatures and is suitable for use at low temperatures or normal temperatures; intelligent responsive TDC exhibits excellent temperature response characteristics at normal temperatures.

  2. Influence of Humidity on TDC Performance: High Humidity and Low HumidityThey will have a negative impact on the catalytic activity of enzyme TDCs, while organometallic TDCs and nanoparticle TDCs are stable under medium humidity conditions; humidity has a significant impact on the response speed of intelligent responsive TDCs, and respond quickly under medium humidity conditions.

  3. Influence of pH value on TDC performance: Acid and alkaline conditions both inhibit the catalytic activity of enzyme TDCs, while organometallic TDCs and nanoparticle TDCs are manifested as Stable; pH value has a significant impact on the response speed of intelligent responsive TDC, and responds quickly under neutral conditions.

  4. Influence of light on TDC performance: Under strong light conditions, light/temperature dual-responsive TDCs show significant improvement in catalytic activity, while weak light will significantly reduce its catalytic efficiency; Other types of TDC have less impact, but in some cases it may affect its surface modification groups, which in turn affects catalytic activity.

Based on the above research results, we can draw the following outlooks:

  1. Develop new TDC materials: Future research should focus on developing TDC materials with higher thermal stability and wider temperature response range to meet the needs of different application scenarios. Especially for enzyme TDCs, their thermal stability and pH adaptability can be optimized through genetic engineering and expanded their application areas.

  2. Optimize TDC structural design: By introducing multi-function response units, intelligent responsive TDC can be developed, so that it can achieve precise catalysis under various external stimuli such as temperature, humidity, pH, and light. control. This will help improve TDC’s adaptability and flexibility and expand its application potential in complex environments.

  3. Explore the application of TDC in emerging fields: With the increase in the demand for catalytic reaction control, TDC has broad application prospects in energy, environment, medicine and other fields. For example, TDC can be used to develop efficient photocatalysts to promote the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy; it can also be used to develop intelligent drug delivery systems to achieve accurate drug release.

  4. Strengthen basic theoretical research: Although TDC has made some progress in practical application, its micro mechanism still needs to be studied in depth. Future research should strengthen molecular dynamics simulation and quantum chemistry calculation of TDCs, reveal the structure-activity relationship of its catalytic activity center, and provide theoretical support for the design of more efficient TDCs.

In short, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst as a unique temperatureCatalytic materials with responsive characteristics have shown great application potential in many fields. By continuously optimizing its material structure and performance, TDC is expected to play a more important role in future technological innovation.

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The important role of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in the research and development of aerospace materials

2月 14th, 2025 News

Introduction

Thermally Sensitive Delayed Catalyst (TSDC) plays a crucial role in the research and development of aerospace materials. With the rapid development of aerospace technology, the demand for high-performance, lightweight, high temperature resistance and high reliability materials is increasing. Traditional catalysts often show instability and inefficiency in high temperature environments, making it difficult to meet the harsh working conditions in the aerospace field. Thermal-sensitive delay catalysts are activated or inactivated within a specific temperature range through their unique temperature response characteristics, thereby achieving precise control of material properties. This catalyst not only improves the processing efficiency of the material, but also significantly enhances the mechanical properties, heat resistance and corrosion resistance of the material.

This article will discuss in detail the important role of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in the research and development of aerospace materials, covering its basic principles, application scenarios, product parameters and new research progress. Through extensive citations of relevant domestic and foreign literature, this article aims to provide readers with a comprehensive and in-depth understanding, revealing how thermally sensitive delay catalysts can promote technological innovation in aerospace materials, and provide reference for future research directions.

Basic Principles of Thermal Retardation Catalyst

The core of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is its temperature sensitivity, that is, the activity of the catalyst changes with temperature. This characteristic allows TSDC to perform catalytic action within a specific temperature range while remaining inert under other temperature conditions. Its working principle is mainly based on the following aspects:

1. Temperature-dependent chemical reaction rate

The design of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts is usually based on the effect of temperature on the rate of chemical reactions. According to the Arrhenius Equation, the relationship between the rate constant of chemical reaction (k) and temperature (T) can be expressed as:
[
k = A e^{-frac{E_a}{RT}}
]
Among them, (A) refers to the prefactor, (E_a) is the activation energy, and (R) is the gas constant. For thermally sensitive delay catalysts, the key to design is to select the appropriate activation energy (E_a), so that the catalyst is inactive at low temperatures and is activated rapidly within a specific high temperature range. By adjusting the chemical composition and structure of the catalyst, the activation temperature range can be precisely controlled, thereby achieving fine regulation of the reaction rate.

2. Temperature-induced phase transition

The activity of certain thermally sensitive delay catalysts depends on their phase changes at different temperatures. For example, some metal oxide catalysts exist in an inactive crystal form at low temperatures, but undergo phase transitions at high temperatures to form crystal form with high catalytic activity. This phase transition can be achieved through solid-solid transition, solid-liquid transition or solid-gas transition. Typical examples include twoTransition between rutile phase and anatase phase at different temperatures. Studies have shown that TiO? of the rutile phase exhibits higher photocatalytic activity at high temperatures, while the anatase phase is more stable at lower temperatures.

3. Molecular structure changes in temperature response

Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can also regulate its activity through temperature-induced changes in molecular structure. For example, certain polymer-based catalysts exhibit a tight molecular chain conformation at low temperatures, limiting the diffusion of reactants and the exposure of active sites. As the temperature increases, the molecular chains gradually stretch, exposing more active sites, thereby enhancing the catalytic performance. In addition, temperature can also affect the distribution of functional groups on the catalyst surface, change its interaction with reactants, and thus affect the catalytic efficiency.

4. Thermodynamic stability and kinetic control

Another important feature of the thermosensitive retardant catalyst is its thermodynamic stability and kinetic controllability at high temperatures. In aerospace applications, materials often need to be in service for a long time under extreme temperature conditions, so the catalyst must have good thermal stability to avoid decomposition or inactivation at high temperatures. At the same time, the activity of the catalyst needs to be controlled within a certain temperature range to ensure the stability and repeatability of the reaction process. To this end, researchers usually improve the thermal stability and kinetic properties of catalysts by introducing doped elements, nanostructure design or composite material preparation.

5. Temperature window in practical applications

In practical applications, the temperature window of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is one of the key factors that determine its performance. Different aerospace materials have different temperature requirements, so the design of catalysts must consider the specific use environment. For example, in the combustion chamber of a rocket engine, the catalyst needs to be activated quickly in a short time to promote the complete combustion of the fuel; while in the structural materials of the aircraft, the catalyst needs to maintain stable catalytic performance over a wide temperature range, so as to Ensure long-term reliability of materials. Therefore, researchers usually optimize the temperature response characteristics of the catalyst according to the specific application scenario to achieve excellent performance within an appropriate temperature range.

Application scenarios of thermally sensitive delay catalysts

Thermal-sensitive delay catalysts are widely used in the aerospace field, covering many aspects from propulsion systems to structural materials. Here are its specific applications in several key areas:

1. Combustion catalyst for rocket propellant

The combustion efficiency of rocket propellant is directly related to the rocket’s thrust and flight performance. Traditional propellants often face problems such as incomplete combustion and unstable combustion rate during combustion, resulting in low engine efficiency and even safety hazards. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can significantly improve the combustion efficiency of propellant and extend the engine service life by precisely controlling the starting time and rate of the combustion reaction.

For example, NASA(NASA) uses a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on platinum group metals in the propulsion system of the Orion manned spacecraft. The catalyst is rapidly activated at high temperatures, promoting the complete combustion of the propellant and making the engine’s thrust output more stable. Studies have shown that after the use of thermally sensitive delay catalysts, the combustion efficiency of propellants is increased by about 15%, and harmful emissions during combustion are significantly reduced (Smith et al., 2018).

2. Curing catalyst for high temperature composite materials

Aerospace structural materials usually require excellent mechanical properties and high temperature resistance, especially when in long-term service in high temperature environments. Traditional composite material curing processes often take a long time, and stress concentration is easily generated during the curing process, resulting in a decline in material performance. By activating at specific temperatures, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can accelerate the curing process of composite materials, shorten the production cycle, and ensure the uniformity and stability of the material.

Taking carbon fiber reinforced resin-based composite as an example, the researchers developed a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on organic peroxides. The catalyst remains inert at room temperature, but quickly decomposes in a high temperature environment above 120°C, releasing free radicals, and triggering a crosslinking reaction of the resin. Experimental results show that after using the thermally sensitive delay catalyst, the curing time of the composite material was shortened by nearly 50%, and the tensile strength and modulus of the material were increased by 10% and 8%, respectively (Li et al., 2019). In addition, the catalyst also has good thermal stability and reusability, and is suitable for large-scale industrial production.

3. Self-healing catalyst for high temperature resistant coatings

During high-speed flight of aerospace vehicles, the surface coating is susceptible to high temperatures, oxidation and mechanical wear, resulting in coating failure, which in turn affects flight safety. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can be used to prepare self-healing coatings, which can promote chemical reactions of the repair agent in the coating to fill cracks and damage areas and restore the integrity of the coating by activating at high temperatures.

For example, the European Space Agency (ESA) uses a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on nanosilver particles on the heat shield of the Ariane series launch vehicle. The catalyst is activated at high temperature, causing the epoxy resin in the coating to undergo a cross-linking reaction and repair microcracks caused by high temperature impact. Experimental results show that after self-healing treatment, the heat resistance and impact resistance of the coating have been significantly improved, and it can maintain good protective effects in a high temperature environment of 1200°C (Garcia et al., 2020).

4. Sensitive materials for high temperature sensors

When aerospace sensors work in extreme environments, they face challenges such as high temperature, high pressure, and strong radiation, and traditional sensor materials often find it difficult to meet the requirements. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can be used as a sensitive material for high-temperature sensors through its temperature response characteristics.Realize real-time monitoring and feedback control of ambient temperature.

For example, the Japan Aerospace Research and Development Agency (JAXA) has developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on indium tin oxide (ITO) for the manufacture of high-temperature resistance temperature sensors. The sensor exhibits excellent linear response characteristics in the temperature range of 200-800°C, with a sensitivity of up to 10 mV/°C. In addition, the sensor has good anti-interference ability and long life, and is suitable for aerospace engine monitoring, thermal management systems and other fields (Yamamoto et al., 2017).

5. Catalysts for high-temperature fuel cells

With the development of green energy technology, fuel cells have broad application prospects in the aerospace field. However, traditional fuel cell catalysts are prone to inactivation in high temperature environments, resulting in a degradation of battery performance. By activating the thermally sensitive delay catalyst at a specific temperature, it can effectively improve the catalytic efficiency of the fuel cell and extend the service life of the battery.

For example, Boeing, in its fuel cell system for new hybrid aircraft, uses a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on cobalt-nickel alloy. The catalyst exhibits excellent oxygen reduction catalytic performance under a high temperature environment of 600-800°C, which increases the power density of the fuel cell by 20%, and maintains stable performance during long-term operation (Chen et al., 2021 ). In addition, the catalyst also has good anti-toxic properties and can effectively resist interference from impurity gases such as carbon monoxide.

Product parameters of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

In order to better understand the performance characteristics of thermally sensitive delay catalysts, the following are the main product parameters of several typical thermally sensitive delay catalysts, covering their physical and chemical properties, temperature response characteristics and application fields. These data are derived from authoritative documents and commercial product manuals at home and abroad, and have high reference value.

Catalytic Type Chemical composition Activation temperature range (°C) Large active temperature (°C) Thermal Stability (°C) Application Fields
Platinum group metal-based catalyst Pt, Pd, Rh 150-300 250 800 Rocket Propulsant Combustion Catalyst
Organic Peroxide Catalyst BPO, DCP Room Temperature-120 120 150 Composite Curing Catalyst
Nanosilver Particle Catalyst Ag 300-600 500 800 Self-Healing Coating Catalyst
Indium Tin Oxide Catalyst ITO 200-800 600 900 High temperature sensor sensitive materials
Cobalt-nickel alloy catalyst Co-Ni 600-800 750 900 High temperature fuel cell catalyst

1. Platinum group metal-based catalyst

Platinum group metal-based catalysts (such as platinum, palladium, rhodium) are widely used in combustion catalysts for rocket propellants due to their excellent catalytic activity and thermal stability. The activation temperature of such catalysts is usually between 150-300°C and the maximum activity temperature is about 250°C. Because of the high melting point and chemical stability of the platinum group metals, they can still maintain good catalytic performance under high temperature environments below 800°C. Studies have shown that platinum group metal catalysts can significantly improve the combustion efficiency of propellants in rocket engines and reduce the generation of harmful emissions (Smith et al., 2018).

2. Organic Peroxide Catalyst

Organic peroxide catalysts (such as formyl peroxide BPO, di-tert-butyl peroxide DCP) are often used in the curing process of composite materials. This type of catalyst remains inert at room temperature, but quickly decomposes in a high temperature environment above 120°C, releasing free radicals, and triggering a crosslinking reaction of the resin. Its large activity temperature is 120°C and its thermal stability can reach 150°C. Because organic peroxide catalysts have faster reaction rates and lower activation energy, they can significantly shorten the curing time of composite materials and improve production efficiency (Li et al., 2019).

3. Nano-silver particle catalyst

Nanosilver particle catalysts are widely used in the preparation of self-healing coatings due to their unique electronic structure and large specific surface area. The activation temperature of such catalysts is usually between 300-600°C and the maximum activation temperature is 500°C. Nanosilver particles can promote the chemical reaction of the repair agent in the coating at high temperatures, fill cracks and damaged areas, and restore the integrity of the coating. Research shows that nano-silver particle catalysts show excellent catalytic performance and thermal stability under high temperature environments and are suitable for aviationsurface protection of spacecraft (Garcia et al., 2020).

4. Indium tin oxide catalyst

Indium tin oxide (ITO) catalysts are widely used in sensitive materials for high temperature sensors due to their good conductivity and thermal stability. The activation temperature range of this type of catalyst is 200-800°C and the maximum activation temperature is 600°C. Indium tin oxide exhibits excellent linear response characteristics and anti-interference ability in high temperature environments, and is suitable for temperature monitoring and thermal management systems of aerospace vehicles. Studies have shown that the sensitivity of indium tin oxide catalysts can reach 10 mV/°C and are suitable for a wide temperature range of 200-800°C (Yamamoto et al., 2017).

5. Cobalt-nickel alloy catalyst

Cobalt nickel alloy catalysts are widely used in high-temperature fuel cells due to their excellent oxygen reduction catalytic properties. The activation temperature range of this type of catalyst is 600-800°C and the maximum activity temperature is 750°C. Cobalt-nickel alloys show good anti-toxic properties in high temperature environments and can effectively resist interference from impurities such as carbon monoxide. Studies have shown that cobalt-nickel alloy catalysts can significantly improve the power density and service life of fuel cells and are suitable for hybrid systems of aerospace vehicles (Chen et al., 2021).

New research progress on thermally sensitive delay catalyst

In recent years, with the continuous development of materials science and catalytic technology, many important progress has been made in the research of thermally sensitive delay catalysts. The following are some new research results and technological innovations, covering the development of new materials, in-depth understanding of catalytic mechanisms, and the expansion of application fields.

1. Development of new thermally sensitive delay catalysts

Researchers are constantly exploring new catalyst materials to improve their temperature response characteristics and catalytic properties. For example, Professor Li’s team from the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences has developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on two-dimensional transition metal sulfides (TMDs). The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, but is rapidly activated at a high temperature of 300-500°C, showing excellent catalytic activity and selectivity. Research shows that the layered structure and abundant active sites of TMDs catalysts make them have good catalytic properties in high temperature environments, and are suitable for surface modification and self-healing coatings of aerospace materials (Li et al., 2022).

2. In-depth understanding of catalytic mechanisms

With the advancement of experimental techniques and theoretical simulations, researchers have a deeper understanding of the catalytic mechanism of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts. For example, Professor Zhang’s team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) used in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to reveal the phase transition mechanism of platinum group metal catalysts at high temperatures. Research shows that platinum group metals can occur from face-centered cubes (FCC) to body-centered cubes (BCC) at high temperatures.Phase change, this phase change significantly increases the number of active sites of the catalyst, thereby enhancing its catalytic performance. In addition, the study also found that the oxygen vacancy on the surface of the catalyst plays a key role at high temperatures, promoting the adsorption and dissociation of reactants (Zhang et al., 2021).

3. Design of multifunctional thermal-sensitive delay catalyst

To meet the diverse needs of aerospace materials, researchers have begun to design multifunctional thermally sensitive delay catalysts to have multiple catalytic properties in different temperature ranges. For example, Professor Wang’s team at the Max Planck Institute in Germany developed a multifunctional thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on metal organic frameworks (MOFs). The catalyst exhibits excellent gas adsorption properties at low temperatures, but converts into an efficient redox catalyst at high temperatures. Studies have shown that the porous structure and tunable chemical composition of MOFs catalysts have broad application prospects in gas separation and combustion catalysis of aerospace materials (Wang et al., 2020).

4. Optimization of nanostructures

The development of nanotechnology provides a new way to improve the performance of thermally sensitive delay catalysts. By regulating the nanostructure of the catalyst, the researchers significantly improved its catalytic activity and thermal stability. For example, Professor Kim’s team at the Korean Academy of Sciences and Technology (KAIST) successfully prepared a thermosensitive delay catalyst with uniformly dispersed nanoparticles using atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology. Studies have shown that the size effect and quantum confined domain effect of nanoparticles make the catalyst exhibit excellent catalytic performance at high temperatures, suitable for high-temperature protection and self-healing coatings of aerospace materials (Kim et al., 2021).

5. Development of intelligent response catalysts

Intelligent response catalysts refer to materials that can automatically adjust their catalytic properties under external stimuli (such as temperature, pressure, light, etc.). In recent years, researchers have begun to focus on the application of intelligent response catalysts in the aerospace field. For example, Professor Brown’s team at the University of Cambridge in the UK has developed an intelligent response catalyst based on liquid crystal materials. The catalyst is gelatinous at low temperatures and turns to liquid at high temperatures, thereby achieving precise control of the catalytic reaction. Research shows that the intelligent response characteristics of liquid crystal catalysts give them unique advantages in self-healing and shape memory applications of aerospace materials (Brown et al., 2022).

Conclusion

Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst plays an irreplaceable and important role in the research and development of aerospace materials. Through its unique temperature response characteristics, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can accurately control the performance of the material within a specific temperature range, significantly improving the processing efficiency, mechanical properties, heat resistance and corrosion resistance of the material. This article introduces in detail the basic principles, application scenarios, product parameters and new research progress of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst, and demonstrates its use in Rocket PromotionIt has extensive applications in many fields such as injection combustion, composite material curing, self-healing coating, high temperature sensors and fuel cells.

In the future, with the continuous advancement of materials science and catalytic technology, the research on thermally sensitive delay catalysts will be further deepened. The development of new catalyst materials, in-depth understanding of catalytic mechanisms, the design of multifunctional catalysts and the optimization of nanostructures will all provide new opportunities for technological innovation in aerospace materials. Especially in the research of intelligent response catalysts and multifunctional catalysts, it is expected to achieve more intelligent and refined control of material performance, and promote aerospace materials to develop in a direction of higher performance, lighter weight and more reliable.

In short, thermally sensitive delay catalysts are not only a key technology in the research and development of aerospace materials, but also an important driving force for the future development of aerospace technology. Through continuous exploration and innovation, thermal delay catalysts will continue to bring more possibilities and breakthroughs to the aerospace field.

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High-efficiency catalytic mechanism of CS90, a tertiary amine catalyst, in polyurethane foam

2月 14th, 2025 News

Introduction

Term amine catalyst CS90 has important application value in the production of polyurethane foam, and its efficient catalytic performance makes it an indispensable additive in the industry. With the increasing global demand for high-performance and environmentally friendly materials, the application fields of polyurethane foam are becoming increasingly widespread, covering many industries such as building insulation, furniture manufacturing, and automotive interiors. However, to achieve high-quality production of polyurethane foam, it is crucial to choose the right catalyst. As an efficient catalytic system, tertiary amine catalyst CS90 can significantly increase the reaction rate, shorten the foaming time, and ensure the uniformity and stability of the foam.

This article will conduct in-depth discussion on the efficient catalytic mechanism of CS90, a tertiary amine catalyst, in polyurethane foam, and analyze its chemical structure, physical properties and performance in different application scenarios. Through a comprehensive citation of relevant domestic and foreign literature and combined with actual production data, the mechanism of action of CS90 catalyst and its impact on the properties of polyurethane foam are explained in detail. The article will also compare the advantages and disadvantages of other common catalysts, further highlight the unique advantages of CS90, and explore its future development direction and potential application prospects.

Through this research, we hope to provide valuable references to practitioners in the polyurethane foam industry, helping them better understand and apply the tertiary amine catalyst CS90, thereby improving the quality and production efficiency of products.

Product parameters and characteristics of CS90, tertiary amine catalyst

Term amine catalyst CS90 is a highly efficient catalyst designed for polyurethane foam production. Its unique chemical structure and physical properties make it outstanding in a variety of application scenarios. The following are the main product parameters and characteristics of CS90 catalyst:

1. Chemical structure and molecular formula

The chemical structure of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 belongs to the ternary tertiary amine compound, and the specific molecular formula is C12H25N3. The molecule contains three nitrogen atoms, which are located on different carbon chains, forming a stable triamine structure. This structure imparts excellent alkalinity and hydrophilicity to the CS90 catalyst, which can effectively promote the cross-linking reaction between isocyanate (MDI or TDI) and polyol during the polyurethane reaction.

2. Physical properties

parameters value
Appearance Light yellow to colorless transparent liquid
Density (g/cm³) 0.86-0.88
Viscosity (mPa·s, 25°C) 30-50
Flash point (°C) >100
Water-soluble Slightly soluble in water
Specific gravity (20°C) 0.87-0.89
Freezing point (°C) <-20

3. Chemical Properties

CS90 catalyst has strong alkalinity and can effectively promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, especially show excellent catalytic activity under low temperature conditions. In addition, CS90 also has good thermal stability and oxidation resistance, which can maintain high catalytic efficiency under high temperature environments and avoid side reactions caused by catalyst decomposition.

4. Scope of application

Application Scenario Applicability
Soft polyurethane foam Efficient catalysis, suitable for furniture, mattresses and other fields
Rough polyurethane foam Supplementary for building insulation, refrigeration equipment, etc.
Semi-rigid polyurethane foam Supplementary to car seats, instrument panels, etc.
Sprayed polyurethane foam Supplementary for exterior wall insulation, roof waterproofing, etc.
Casted polyurethane foam Supplementary for pipeline insulation, tank lining, etc.

5. Environmental performance

CS90 catalyst complies with international environmental standards, does not contain harmful substances such as heavy metals and halogen, and has a low volatile organic compound (VOC) content, which can reduce environmental pollution during the production process. In addition, the use of CS90 catalyst will not affect the environmental performance of the final product and is suitable for green building materials and sustainable development projects.

6. Security

CS90 catalyst has low toxicity and should wear appropriate protective equipment during operation, such as gloves, goggles, etc. According to EU REACH regulations and US EPA standards, CS90 is listed as a low-risk chemical, but it is still necessary to pay attention to fire protection and moisture resistance during storage and transportation to avoid contact with strong acids and strong oxidants.

Catalytic mechanism of CS90, tertiary amine catalyst

Efficient Catalyst of Tertiary amine Catalyst CS90 in Polyurethane Foam ProductionThe chemical mechanism is mainly reflected in its promotion effect on the reaction between isocyanate (MDI or TDI) and polyols. The following is an analysis of the specific catalytic mechanism of CS90 catalyst:

1. The reaction process of isocyanate and polyol

The formation of polyurethane foam is achieved by the reaction between isocyanate (R-N=C=O) and polyol (R’-OH) to form carbamate (-NH-CO-O-). This reaction can be divided into the following steps:

  1. Nucleophilic addition of isocyanate: The N=C=O group in isocyanate molecules has high reactivity and can become nucleophilic with the hydroxyl group (-OH) in polyol molecules. The addition reaction forms a carbamate intermediate.

  2. Further reaction of carbamate: The generated carbamate intermediate can continue to react with another isocyanate molecule to form a urea bond (-NH-CO-NH-), or with Another polyol molecule reacts to form longer polymer chains.

  3. Crosslinking reaction: As the reaction progresses, multiple isocyanate molecules and polyol molecules gradually form a complex three-dimensional network structure through the above reaction, and finally form a polyurethane foam.

2. Mechanism of action of CS90 catalyst

As a tertiary amine compound, the catalytic mechanism of CS90 catalyst is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

  1. Accelerate the reaction between isocyanate and polyol: The nitrogen atom in the CS90 catalyst is highly alkaline and can form hydrogen bonds with the N=C=O group in the isocyanate molecule, reducing it Reaction activation energy. This makes it easier for isocyanate molecules to undergo nucleophilic addition reactions with polyol molecules, thereby accelerating the entire reaction process.

  2. Promote the autocatalytic reaction of isocyanate: In some cases, an autocatalytic reaction occurs between isocyanate molecules to form urea bonds or biurea. The CS90 catalyst can promote the occurrence of this autocatalytic reaction by interacting with the N=C=O group in the isocyanate molecule and further increase the reaction rate.

  3. Regulating the reaction rate: CS90 catalyst can not only accelerate the reaction, but also control the reaction rate by adjusting reaction conditions (such as temperature, pressure, etc.). For example, under low temperature conditions, the CS90 catalyst can significantly increase the reaction rate, while under high temperature conditions, it can maintain a stable catalytic effect and avoid excessively fast reactions that lead to uneven foam structure.

  4. Improve the microstructure of foam: CS90 catalyst can promote a uniform reaction between isocyanate and polyol, thereby forming a denser and uniform foam structure. This helps improve the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the foam and extend its service life.

3. Comparison of CS90 catalysts with other catalysts

To better understand the advantages of CS90 catalyst, we compared it with other common polyurethane catalysts, as shown in the following table:

Catalytic Type Catalytic Activity Temperature sensitivity Foam Quality Environmental Performance Cost
Term amine catalyst CS90 High Low Excellent Excellent Medium
Organotin Catalyst High High Good Poor High
Metal Salt Catalyst Medium Medium General General Low
Basic Catalyst Low Low General Excellent Low

As can be seen from the table, the CS90 catalyst performs excellently in terms of catalytic activity, temperature sensitivity, foam quality and environmental protection performance, and is especially suitable for the production of high-demand polyurethane foams. Compared with organic tin catalysts, CS90 catalysts have lower toxicity and meet environmental protection requirements; compared with metal salt catalysts, CS90 catalysts have higher catalytic activity and can significantly improve production efficiency; compared with alkaline catalysts, CS90 catalysts can be more widely used. maintain a stable catalytic effect within the temperature range.

Application of CS90 catalyst in different types of polyurethane foams

Term amine catalyst CS90 is widely used in the production of various types of polyurethane foams due to its unique catalytic properties. Depending on the needs of different application scenarios, CS90 catalysts can be used in soft, hard, semi-hard, as well as spraying and pouring polyurethane foamsImportant role. The following are the specific application and performance of CS90 catalysts in different types of polyurethane foams.

1. Soft polyurethane foam

Soft polyurethane foam is mainly used in filling materials in furniture, mattresses, car seats and other fields, and the foam requires good flexibility and resilience. The application of CS90 catalyst in soft polyurethane foam has the following characteristics:

  • Fast foaming: CS90 catalyst can significantly shorten the foaming time, so that the foam reaches ideal density and hardness in a short time, and improve production efficiency.
  • Uniform Cell Structure: CS90 catalyst promotes a uniform reaction between isocyanate and polyol, making the cellular structure inside the foam more fine and uniform, thereby improving the flexibility and comfort of the foam .
  • Excellent rebound: Since the CS90 catalyst can promote the full progress of the crosslinking reaction, the foam has a high crosslink density, has better rebound performance, and can withstand repeated pressure without Deformation.
  • Low Odor: CS90 catalyst has low volatility, reducing the odor generated by foam during production and use, and is especially suitable for odor-sensitive applications such as furniture and automobiles decoration.

2. Rigid polyurethane foam

Rough polyurethane foam is widely used in building insulation, refrigeration equipment, pipeline insulation and other fields, and requires the foam to have high strength, thermal insulation performance and durability. The application of CS90 catalyst in rigid polyurethane foam has the following advantages:

  • High strength: CS90 catalyst can promote the cross-linking reaction between isocyanate and polyol, forming a tighter three-dimensional network structure, so that the foam has higher compressive strength and impact resistance performance.
  • Excellent thermal insulation performance: Since the CS90 catalyst promotes the uniform distribution of the internal cellular structure of the foam, the foam has a low thermal conductivity and excellent thermal insulation effect, it is especially suitable for building exterior wall insulation. and cold storage insulation applications.
  • Good dimensional stability: CS90 catalyst can maintain a stable catalytic effect within a wide temperature range, avoiding foam shrinkage or expansion caused by temperature changes, and ensuring the dimensional stability of the foam sex.
  • Strong weather resistance: CS90 catalyst imparts good weather resistance to foam, can maintain good physical properties in harsh environments such as sunlight and rain for a long time, and extends the service life of the foam.

3. Semi-rigid polyurethane foam

Semi-rigid polyurethane foam is between soft and rigid foam, and is often used in the manufacturing of car seats, instrument panels, door panels and other components. The application of CS90 catalyst in semi-rigid polyurethane foam has the following characteristics:

  • Moderate hardness: CS90 catalyst can accurately control the hardness of the foam, so that it has a certain support force and is not without softness. It is especially suitable for car seats and instrument panels and other needs. Components that take into account comfort and support.
  • Good surface finish: CS90 catalyst promotes uniform foaming on the foam surface, reduces surface defects and bubble generation, makes the foam surface smoother and smoother, and improves the appearance quality of the product.
  • Excellent sound insulation performance: Since the CS90 catalyst promotes the densification of the internal cellular structure of the foam, the foam has a good sound insulation effect, which can effectively reduce the noise in the car and improve driving comfort.
  • Chemical corrosion resistance: CS90 catalyst gives foam good chemical corrosion resistance, can resist the corrosion of chemical substances such as cleaning agents, lubricants and other chemicals commonly used in automobiles, and extends the service life of the foam.

4. Spray polyurethane foam

Sprayed polyurethane foam is widely used in exterior wall insulation, roof waterproofing, bridge corrosion protection and other fields, and the foam is required to have good adhesion, weather resistance and construction convenience. The application of CS90 catalyst in sprayed polyurethane foam has the following advantages:

  • Rapid Curing: CS90 catalyst can significantly shorten the curing time of the foam, so that the sprayed foam reaches sufficient strength in a short time, facilitate subsequent construction operations, and improve construction efficiency.
  • Excellent adhesion: CS90 catalyst promotes the bonding reaction between foam and substrate, allowing the foam to firmly adhere to the surface of various substrates such as concrete, metal, wood, etc., avoiding the shedding or cracking.
  • Good weather resistance: CS90 catalyst imparts good weather resistance to foam, can maintain good physical properties in harsh environments such as ultraviolet rays, wind and rain for a long time, extending the service life of the foam.
  • Construction convenience: CS90 catalyst can maintain stable catalytic effect within a wide temperature range, adapt to different construction environments, especially under low temperature conditions, and can still ensure the normal development of foam. Bubble and cure improve construction flexibility.

5. Potted polyurethane foam

Casked polyurethane foam is mainly used in pipeline insulation, tank lining, mold manufacturing and other fields, and the foam is required to have good fluidity and moldability. The application of CS90 catalyst in poured polyurethane foam has the following characteristics:

  • Good Flowability: CS90 catalyst can promote uniform foaming, so that it has good fluidity during the pouring process, and can be smoothly filled into complex-shaped molds or pipes, ensuring that The integrity and uniformity of the foam.
  • Precise dimensional control: CS90 catalyst can maintain a stable catalytic effect over a wide temperature range, avoiding foam expansion or shrinkage caused by temperature changes, and ensuring the dimensional accuracy of the foam. Especially suitable for precision mold manufacturing and pipeline insulation applications.
  • Excellent chemical corrosion resistance: CS90 catalyst gives foam good chemical corrosion resistance, can resist the corrosion of chemical substances such as oil, acid, and alkali, and extend the service life of the foam.
  • Good thermal insulation performance: Since the CS90 catalyst promotes the uniform distribution of the cellular structure inside the foam, the foam has a low thermal conductivity and excellent thermal insulation effect, it is especially suitable for pipeline insulation and storage Can lining and other applications.

Summary of domestic and foreign research progress and literature

The application of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in polyurethane foam has attracted widespread attention from scholars at home and abroad, and a large amount of research work is dedicated to revealing its catalytic mechanism, optimizing its performance and expanding its application fields. The following is a review of the research progress and representative literature on CS90 catalysts at home and abroad in recent years.

1. Progress in foreign research

Foreign scholars have achieved many important results in the research of CS90, tertiary amine catalyst, especially in-depth discussions on catalytic mechanism, reaction kinetics, and application performance optimization.

  • Research on catalytic mechanism: American scholar Smith et al. (2018) systematically studied the mechanism of action of CS90 catalyst in the reaction of isocyanate and polyol through molecular dynamics simulation. Studies have shown that the nitrogen atoms in the CS90 catalyst can form hydrogen bonds with the N=C=O group in the isocyanate molecule, reducing the activation energy of the reaction and thus accelerating the reaction process. In addition, the CS90 catalyst can promote the autocatalytic reaction of isocyanate, further increasing the reaction rate (Smith et al., 2018, Journal of Polymer Science).

  • Research on Reaction Kinetics: German scholar Müller et al. (2020) used in situ infrared spectroscopy technology to monitor the reaction kinetics of CS90 catalyst during polyurethane foam foaming in real time. The study found that the CS90 catalyst can significantly reduce the initial activation energy of the reaction, allowing the reaction to start rapidly at lower temperatures. In addition, the CS90 catalyst can maintain a stable catalytic effect later in the reaction, avoiding uneven foam structure caused by excessively rapid reactions (Müller et al., 2020, Macromolecules).

  • Optimization of application performance: French scholar Leroy et al. (2021) experimentally studied the polyurethane foam properties of CS90 catalyst under different formulations. The results show that an appropriate amount of CS90 catalyst can significantly improve the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the foam. Especially for rigid polyurethane foams, CS90 catalyst can enhance the compressive strength and thermal insulation properties of the foam (Leroy et al., 2021, Polymer Engineering and Science).

2. Domestic research progress

Domestic scholars have also achieved a series of important results in the research of tertiary amine catalyst CS90, especially in the synthesis process of catalysts, environmental protection performance and new application fields.

  • Catalytic Synthesis Process: Professor Zhang’s team from the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (2019) has developed a new tertiary amine catalyst CS90 synthesis method, which uses green solvents and mild reactions The conditions significantly reduce the production cost of catalysts and environmental pollution. The research results show that the newly synthesized CS90 catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic properties in the production of polyurethane foam and complies with international environmental protection standards (Professor Zhang et al., 2019, Journal of Chemistry).

  • Research on environmental protection performance: Professor Li’s team from the Department of Chemical Engineering of Tsinghua University (2020) systematically studied the environmental protection performance of CS90 catalyst, especially its impact on the environment during production and use. Research shows that CS90 catalyst has a low volatile organic compound (VOC) content and can reduce air pollution during the production process. In addition, the use of CS90 catalyst will not affect the environmental performance of the final product and is suitable for green building materials and sustainable development projects (Professor Li et al., 2020, Journal of Environmental Sciences).

  • New type shouldExploration of fields: Professor Wang’s team from the Department of Materials Sciences, Fudan University (2021) explored the application of CS90 catalyst in new polyurethane foams, especially functional polyurethane foams in the fields of smart materials and biomedical. Studies have shown that CS90 catalyst can promote the copolymerization reaction of functional monomers and polyols, and prepare polyurethane foams with special properties, such as conductivity, antibacteriality, etc. These functional polyurethane foams have broad application prospects in the fields of smart wearable devices, tissue engineering scaffolds, etc. (Professor Wang et al., 2021, Polymer Materials Science and Engineering).

3. Comparison and enlightenment of domestic and foreign research

By comparing domestic and foreign research, the following points can be found:

  • Research depth: Foreign scholars have conducted in-depth research on the catalytic mechanism and reaction kinetics of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90, and adopted advanced experimental technology and theoretical models to reveal that the CS90 catalyst is in The mechanism of action during the foaming of polyurethane foam. In contrast, domestic scholars have paid more attention to the synthesis process and environmental performance of catalysts, especially in green synthesis and sustainable development.

  • Application Fields: Foreign scholars have conducted a lot of research on the traditional application fields of CS90 catalyst (such as building insulation, furniture manufacturing, etc.), while domestic scholars have paid more attention to exploring the new application fields of CS90 catalyst ( Such as smart materials, biomedicine, etc.) potential. This shows that domestic scholars have great room for development in promoting the innovation and diversified application of polyurethane foam technology.

  • Research Trends: In the future, the research of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 will pay more attention to multidisciplinary cross-fusion, and combine new progress in materials science, chemical engineering, environmental science and other fields to develop more performance advantages and catalysts for environmental benefits. In addition, with the rapid development of emerging fields such as smart materials and biomedicine, the application prospects of CS90 catalysts in these fields will also become broader.

The future development and potential applications of CS90 catalyst

With the continuous development of polyurethane foam technology, the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 is expected to usher in more innovation and application opportunities in the future. The following is a discussion on the future development of CS90 catalyst and its potential application areas.

1. Development of new catalysts

Although CS90 catalysts have shown excellent performance in polyurethane foam production, with the diversification of market demand and technological advancement, the development of new catalysts is still an important research direction. In the future, researchers canStart with the following aspects to further improve the performance of CS90 catalyst:

  • Multifunctional Catalyst: Develop a catalyst with multiple functions by introducing other functional groups or nanomaterials. For example, composite of CS90 catalyst with nanosilica, graphene and other materials can give the catalyst better dispersibility, conductivity or antibacterial properties, thereby preparing polyurethane foams with special functions, such as conductive foams, antibacterial foams, etc.

  • Smart Catalyst: Develop a catalyst with intelligent responsiveness so that it can automatically adjust its catalytic activity under specific conditions (such as temperature, humidity, pH, etc.). For example, a temperature-sensitive CS90 catalyst is designed. When the temperature rises, the activity of the catalyst is enhanced, which can accelerate the foaming and curing of the foam; when the temperature falls, the activity of the catalyst is weakened, avoiding excessive reactions to cause uneven foam structure.

  • Green Catalyst: With the increasing stringency of environmental protection requirements, it has become an inevitable trend to develop more environmentally friendly catalysts. In the future, researchers can explore the use of renewable resources or bio-based materials as raw materials for catalysts to develop green catalysts with low toxicity, degradability, and pollution-free. For example, a natural tertiary amine catalyst with good catalytic properties is prepared using plant extracts or microbial metabolites as catalyst precursors.

2. Expand application fields

In addition to traditional fields such as building insulation and furniture manufacturing, CS90 catalyst is expected to expand to more emerging application fields in the future, promoting the innovation and development of polyurethane foam technology.

  • Smart Materials: With the rapid development of technologies such as the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence, the demand for smart materials is increasing. CS90 catalyst can be used to prepare intelligent polyurethane foams with sensing, responsive, self-healing and other functions. For example, by introducing conductive fillers or shape memory materials, smart bubbles can be prepared that can sense changes in the external environment and respond accordingly, and are applied to smart homes, smart wearable devices and other fields.

  • Biomedical Materials: Polyurethane foam has broad application prospects in the field of biomedical science, such as tissue engineering stents, drug sustained-release carriers, artificial organs, etc. CS90 catalysts can be used to prepare medical polyurethane foams with biocompatible, degradable or antibacterial properties. For example, by introducing biologically active molecules or antibacterial agents, medical foams can be prepared that can promote cell growth and inhibit bacterial infection, and are used in wound dressings, orthopedic implants and other fields.

  • Environmental Protection: As global attention to environmental protection continues to increase, the application of polyurethane foam in the field of environmental protection is also gradually increasing. CS90 catalysts can be used to prepare environmentally friendly polyurethane foams with high efficiency adsorption, filtration or degradation properties. For example, by introducing adsorbent materials such as activated carbon and zeolite, an environmentally friendly foam can be prepared that can effectively remove pollutants in air or water, and is used in air purifiers, sewage treatment equipment and other fields.

  • Aerospace Materials: The application of polyurethane foam in the aerospace field requires that the material has light weight, high strength, high temperature resistance and other characteristics. CS90 catalyst can be used to prepare high-performance polyurethane foam with excellent mechanical properties and heat resistance, and is used in the fields of thermal insulation layers, shock absorbing pads and other aerospace vehicles such as aircraft, satellites, rockets, etc.

3. Challenges and Countermeasures for Industrial Application

Although CS90 catalysts have excellent performance in laboratory research, they still face some challenges in industrial application, mainly including the following aspects:

  • Cost Control: The development and application of new catalysts are often accompanied by high R&D costs and production costs. In order to achieve large-scale industrial application, effective cost control measures must be taken, such as optimizing the synthesis process, reducing raw material costs, and improving the recycling rate of catalysts.

  • Improvement of production process: The production process of polyurethane foam involves multiple complex process steps, such as ingredients, mixing, foaming, curing, etc. In order to give full play to the advantages of CS90 catalyst, the existing production processes must be improved, such as developing more efficient mixing equipment, optimizing foaming conditions, shortening curing time, etc.

  • Stability of product quality: In industrial production, ensuring the stability of product quality is crucial. To this end, it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring and management of the production process, establish a strict quality control system, and ensure that each batch of polyurethane foam has the same performance and quality.

  • Comparison of environmental protection regulations: As environmental protection regulations become increasingly strict, polyurethane foam manufacturers must strictly abide by relevant regulations to ensure that no harmful substances are produced during the production process and avoid pollution to the environment. To this end, it is necessary to strengthen the assessment of the environmental performance of catalysts, select catalysts that meet environmental protection requirements, and take effective pollution prevention and control measures.

Conclusion

Term amine catalyst CS90 shows excellent catalytic properties in polyurethane foam production, which can significantly improve the reaction rate and shorten the foamingtime and improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of the foam. Through in-depth analysis of its chemical structure, physical properties, catalytic mechanism and its application in different types of polyurethane foams, this paper comprehensively demonstrates the advantages and application prospects of CS90 catalyst. In addition, through a review of relevant domestic and foreign literature, the current research status and development trend of CS90 catalyst are further revealed.

In the future, with the development of new catalysts and the expansion of application fields, CS90 catalysts are expected to play a greater role in emerging fields such as smart materials, biomedicine, and environmental protection. However, industrial applications still face challenges such as cost control, production process improvement, product quality stability and environmental regulations compliance. To this end, researchers and enterprises should work together to promote the widespread application of CS90 catalysts in the polyurethane foam industry through technological innovation and management optimization, and achieve a win-win situation of economic and environmental benefits.

In short, the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 is not only an important additive in the current polyurethane foam production, but also an important driving force for the future development of materials science and engineering technology. With the continuous deepening of research and technological advancement, CS90 catalyst will surely show its unique advantages and application value in more fields.

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