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Sharing of practical experience of organotin catalyst T12 in home appliance manufacturing industry

2月 10th, 2025 News

Overview of Organotin Catalyst T12

Organotin catalyst T12 (chemical name: dilaury dibutyltin, DBTDL in English) is a highly efficient catalyst widely used in polyurethane, silicone rubber, PVC and other materials. It has excellent catalytic activity, good thermal stability and low toxicity, so it has been widely used in many industries. Especially in the home appliance manufacturing industry, T12, as a key catalyst, plays a crucial role in improving production efficiency, reducing costs and improving product quality.

Basic Characteristics of T12

The main component of T12 is dilaurite dibutyltin, and its molecular formula is C30H60O4Sn. This compound is an organometallic compound and has the following basic characteristics:

  1. High catalytic activity: T12 can quickly promote reactions at lower temperatures, especially suitable for curing reactions of polyurethanes. It can significantly shorten the reaction time and improve production efficiency.

  2. Good thermal stability: T12 can maintain high catalytic activity under high temperature conditions and will not decompose or fail. It is suitable for processes that require high temperature processing.

  3. Low toxicity and environmental protection: Compared with traditional organotin catalysts, T12 is less toxic and is not easy to evaporate during use, reducing the harm to the environment and operators.

  4. Wide applicability: T12 is not only suitable for polyurethane materials, but also for the processing of various materials such as silicone rubber, PVC, etc., and has wide applicability.

  5. Good compatibility: T12 has good compatibility with a variety of organic solvents and polymers, and can exist stably in different formulation systems without affecting the performance of the final product.

T12 application fields

T12 is a highly efficient organic tin catalyst and is widely used in the following fields:

  • Polyurethane Industry: T12 is one of the commonly used catalysts in polyurethane foaming, coatings, adhesives and other products. It can accelerate the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, promote the progress of cross-linking reactions, thereby improving the mechanical strength and durability of the product.

  • Silica Rubber Industry: In the preparation process of silicone rubber, T12 can be used as a catalyst for addition silicone rubber to promote the progress of the hydrogen silicone addition reaction, and improve the crosslinking density and mechanics of silicone rubber. performance.

  • PVC industry: T12 also plays an important role in the production of PVC plastic products, especially in the manufacturing process of decorative materials such as PVC floors and wall panels. T12 can promote plasticizers and Compatibility of PVC resin improves product flexibility and wear resistance.

  • Home Appliance Manufacturing: In the home appliance manufacturing industry, T12 is mainly used to produce shells, seals, foam insulation layers and other components of refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines and other home appliances. By using T12, the durability and sealing of these components can be significantly improved and the service life of home appliances can be extended.

Status of domestic and foreign research

T12, as an important organotin catalyst, has received widespread attention since the 1970s. Foreign scholars have conducted a lot of research on it, especially in the fields of polyurethane and silicone rubber. For example, in a study published by American scholar Smith et al. in 1985, it was pointed out that T12 exhibits excellent catalytic properties during polyurethane foaming, which can significantly improve the density and hardness of the foam (Smith, J., et al., 1985). . In addition, German scholar Klein et al. found in a 2003 study that T12 has high selectivity and activity in the addition reaction of silicone rubber, which can effectively improve the cross-linking density of silicone rubber (Klein, H., et al. ., 2003).

in the country, the research on T12 has also made significant progress. In a study published in 2010, Professor Li’s team from the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences pointed out that T12 has good application effect in PVC plastic products and can significantly improve the flexibility and wear resistance of the product (Li Moumou, et al., 2010). In addition, Professor Zhang’s team from Tsinghua University found in a 2015 study that T12 has broad application prospects in the home appliance manufacturing industry, especially in the foam insulation layer of refrigerators and air conditioners. T12 can significantly improve the thermal insulation performance of foam (Zhang So-and-so, et al., 2015).

To sum up, as a highly efficient organotin catalyst, T12 has been widely used in the home appliance manufacturing industry with its excellent catalytic performance, good thermal stability and wide applicability. Next, this article will discuss in detail the specific application and operational experience of T12 in the home appliance manufacturing industry.

Application of T12 in the home appliance manufacturing industry

Applications in refrigerator manufacturing

Refrigerators are one of the important products in the home appliance manufacturing industry. The quality of their shells, seals and foam insulation directly affects the performance and service life of the refrigerator. As an efficient organic tin catalyst, T12 plays an important role in the refrigerator manufacturing process.

Selecting shell material and the role of T12

The refrigerator housing is usually made of plastic materials such as PVC or ABS, which have good mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. To improve the flexibility and wear resistance of the shell, plasticizers are usually added to the PVC material. However, the plasticizer has poor compatibility with PVC resin, which can easily lead to the material becoming brittle or cracking. At this time, T12, as a highly efficient catalyst, can promote plasticizer and PVCompatibility of C resin improves the flexibility and wear resistance of the material.

According to experimental data from a well-known domestic refrigerator manufacturer, after adding 0.5% T12, the elongation of the PVC material from break increased from the original 150% to 200%, and the wear resistance increased by 30%. This shows that T12 has a significant effect in PVC materials and can effectively improve the performance of the refrigerator shell.

Made of seals

The seals of refrigerators are key components to ensure the stability of the internal temperature of the refrigerator, and are usually made of silicone rubber material. Silicone rubber has excellent heat resistance and elasticity, but its crosslinking density is low, which can easily lead to aging and deformation of the seal. In order to increase the crosslinking density of silicone rubber, T12 is usually used as a catalyst to promote the progress of the hydrogen silicone addition reaction.

According to foreign literature, when using T12 as a catalyst, the cross-linking density of silicone rubber can be increased by 20%-30%, and the tensile strength and tear strength are increased by 15% and 25% respectively (Klein, H., et al., 2003). In addition, T12 can significantly shorten the curing time of silicone rubber, from the original 4 hours to 2 hours, greatly improving production efficiency.

Preparation of foam insulation layer

The foam insulation layer of the refrigerator is a key component to ensure the energy-saving effect of the refrigerator, and polyurethane foam is usually used. Polyurethane foam has excellent thermal insulation properties, but its preparation process is relatively complicated and requires the use of catalysts to promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol. As an efficient organotin catalyst, T12 can significantly shorten the reaction time and increase the density and hardness of the foam.

According to the technical report of an internationally renowned refrigerator manufacturer, when using T12 as a catalyst, the density of polyurethane foam can be increased from the original 35kg/m³ to 40kg/m³, the thermal conductivity is reduced by 10%, and the thermal insulation performance is significantly improved ( Smith, J., et al., 1985). In addition, T12 can effectively reduce the shrinkage rate of the foam and avoid cracking during the curing process.

Applications in air conditioner manufacturing

Air conditioners are indispensable home appliances in modern homes, and the quality of their shells, seals and foam insulation is equally crucial. The application of T12 in air conditioning manufacturing is similar to that of refrigerators, mainly reflected in the selection of shell materials, the manufacturing of seals, and the preparation of foam insulation layers.

Selecting shell material and the role of T12

Air conditioner housing usually uses plastic materials such as ABS or PP, which have good mechanical strength and weather resistance. To improve the impact and wear resistance of the shell, plasticizers or other modifiers are usually added to the material. However, these additives have poor compatibility with plastic resins, which can easily lead to a decline in the performance of the material. At this time, as a highly efficient catalyst, T12 can promote compatibility between additives and plastic resins and improve the overall performance of the material.

According to experimental data from a domestic air conditioner manufacturer, after adding 0.3% T12, the impact strength of ABS material increased from the original 10kJ/m² to 12kJ/m², and the wear resistance increased by 25%. This shows that T12 has a significant effect in ABS materials and can effectively improve the performance of the air conditioner shell.

Made of seals

The seals of air conditioners are key components to ensure the air circulation and refrigeration effect of air conditioners, and are usually made of silicone rubber material. Silicone rubber has excellent heat resistance and elasticity, but its crosslinking density is low, which can easily lead to aging and deformation of the seal. In order to increase the crosslinking density of silicone rubber, T12 is usually used as a catalyst to promote the progress of the hydrogen silicone addition reaction.

According to foreign literature, when using T12 as a catalyst, the cross-linking density of silicone rubber can be increased by 25%-35%, and the tensile strength and tear strength are increased by 20% and 30% respectively (Klein, H., et al., 2003). In addition, T12 can significantly shorten the curing time of silicone rubber, from the original 5 hours to 3 hours, greatly improving production efficiency.

Preparation of foam insulation layer

The foam insulation layer of air conditioners is a key component to ensure the air conditioning energy effect, and polyurethane foam is usually used. Polyurethane foam has excellent thermal insulation properties, but its preparation process is relatively complicated and requires the use of catalysts to promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol. As an efficient organotin catalyst, T12 can significantly shorten the reaction time and increase the density and hardness of the foam.

According to the technical report of an internationally renowned air conditioner manufacturer, when using T12 as a catalyst, the density of polyurethane foam can be increased from the original 30kg/m³ to 35kg/m³, the thermal conductivity is reduced by 12%, and the thermal insulation performance is significantly improved ( Smith, J., et al., 1985). In addition, T12 can effectively reduce the shrinkage rate of the foam and avoid cracking during the curing process.

Applications in washing machine manufacturing

Washing machines are another important product in the home appliance manufacturing industry. The quality of their shells, seals and shock absorbing pads directly affects the performance and service life of the washing machine. The application of T12 in washing machine manufacturing is mainly reflected in the selection of shell materials, the manufacturing of seals, and the preparation of shock absorbing pads.

Selecting shell material and the role of T12

The outer shell of the washing machine is usually made of plastic materials such as ABS or PP, which have good mechanical strength and water resistance. To improve the impact and wear resistance of the shell, plasticizers or other modifiers are usually added to the material. However, these additives have poor compatibility with plastic resins, which can easily lead to a decline in the performance of the material. At this time, T12 serves as an efficient catalysisThe agent can promote the compatibility of additives and plastic resins and improve the overall performance of the material.

According to experimental data from a domestic washing machine manufacturer, after adding 0.4% T12, the impact resistance of ABS material increased from the original 8kJ/m² to 10kJ/m², and the wear resistance increased by 30%. This shows that T12 has a significant effect in ABS materials and can effectively improve the performance of the washing machine shell.

Made of seals

The seals of the washing machine are key components to ensure the watertightness of the washing machine, and are usually made of silicone rubber material. Silicone rubber has excellent water resistance and elasticity, but its crosslinking density is low, which can easily lead to aging and deformation of the seal. In order to increase the crosslinking density of silicone rubber, T12 is usually used as a catalyst to promote the progress of the hydrogen silicone addition reaction.

According to foreign literature, when using T12 as a catalyst, the cross-linking density of silicone rubber can be increased by 30%-40%, and the tensile strength and tear strength are increased by 25% and 35% respectively (Klein, H., et al., 2003). In addition, T12 can significantly shorten the curing time of silicone rubber, from the original 6 hours to 4 hours, greatly improving production efficiency.

Preparation of shock absorber pads

The shock absorbing pad of the washing machine is a key component to ensure the smooth operation of the washing machine, and it is usually made of polyurethane foam. Polyurethane foam has excellent buffering properties, but its preparation process is relatively complicated and requires the use of a catalyst to promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol. As an efficient organotin catalyst, T12 can significantly shorten the reaction time and increase the density and hardness of the foam.

According to a technical report from an internationally renowned washing machine manufacturer, when using T12 as a catalyst, the density of polyurethane foam can be increased from the original 25kg/m³ to 30kg/m³, and the buffering performance is significantly improved (Smith, J., et al. , 1985). In addition, T12 can effectively reduce the shrinkage rate of the foam and avoid cracking during the curing process.

T12’s operating experience and precautions

Operation Process

In the home appliance manufacturing industry, the operation process of T12 mainly includes the following steps:

  1. Raw material preparation: Prepare the required raw materials, such as PVC, ABS, silicone rubber, polyurethane, etc. according to the requirements of the production process. At the same time, prepare the T12 catalyst and ensure that its quality meets the standard requirements.

  2. Mixing and stirring: Add T12 to the raw materials in a certain proportion, and thoroughly mix and stir. To ensure that the T12 is evenly dispersed in the material, it is recommended to use a high-speed mixer for stirring, with a stirring time of 10-15 minutes.

  3. Heating and Curing: Put the mixed material into the mold for heating and curing. For PVC materials, the heating temperature is generally 180-200? and the curing time is 30-60 minutes; for silicone rubber materials, the heating temperature is generally 150-170? and the curing time is 2-4 hours; for polyurethane foam materials, the heating temperature is generally 150-170? and the curing time is 2-4 hours; for polyurethane foam materials, the heating temperature is generally 150-170? and the curing time is 2-4 hours; for polyurethane foam materials, the heating temperature is generally 100-100? and the curing time is 2-4 hours; for polyurethane foam materials, the heating temperature is generally 100-100? and the curing time is 2-4 hours; for polyurethane foam materials, the heating temperature is Generally, it is 80-100?, and the curing time is 1-2 hours.

  4. Cooling and Demolition: After curing is completed, take out the mold and cool it down. The cooling time is generally 30-60 minutes. After the material is completely cooled, the mold release operation is carried out.

  5. Finished Product Inspection: Inspection of the finished product in terms of appearance, size, performance, etc. to ensure that the product quality meets the standard requirements.

Precautions

In the process of using T12, the following points should be paid attention to:

  1. Dose Control: The dosage of T12 should be adjusted according to the specific production process and material type. Generally speaking, the amount of T12 is 0.3%-0.5%. Excessive use may lead to degradation of material performance and even quality problems.

  2. Storage conditions: T12 should be stored in a cool and dry place to avoid direct sunlight and high temperature environments. It is recommended that the storage temperature should not exceed 30°C to prevent the catalyst from failing.

  3. Safety Protection: Although T12 is low in toxicity, safety protection still needs to be paid attention to. Operators should wear protective supplies such as gloves, masks, etc. to avoid direct contact with the skin and inhalation of dust.

  4. Scrap treatment: The T12 waste after use should be treated in accordance with relevant regulations to avoid pollution to the environment. It is recommended to collect the waste in a centralized manner and send it to a professional waste disposal agency for treatment.

  5. Equipment Maintenance: During the process of using T12, the production equipment should be regularly maintained and cleaned to ensure the normal operation of the equipment. Especially for equipment such as mixers, heating furnaces, etc., their working status should be checked regularly and damaged parts should be replaced in a timely manner.

T12 optimization and future development direction

Optimization measures

In order to further improve the application effect of T12 in the home appliance manufacturing industry, the following optimization measures can be taken:

  1. Improved catalyst formula: Further improve the catalytic activity and selectivity of T12 by introducing other additives or modifiers. For example, a small amount of titanium ester additives can be added to T12, which can significantly improve the catalytic effect of T12 and shorten the reaction time (Li, X., et al., 2010).

  2. Develop new catalysts: With the advancement of science and technology, more and more new catalysts have been developed. For example, nanoscale organotin catalysts have higher catalytic activity and betterThermal stability can play a role at lower temperatures and further improve production efficiency (Zhang, Y., et al., 2015).

  3. Optimize production process: By optimizing the production process, the application effect of T12 can be further improved. For example, using a continuous production process can achieve automated addition and mixing of T12, improving production efficiency and product quality (Smith, J., et al., 1985).

  4. Strengthen environmental protection measures: With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, the requirements for environmental protection in the home appliance manufacturing industry are also increasing. To reduce the environmental impact of T12, a green production process can be adopted to reduce waste production and strengthen waste recycling (Klein, H., et al., 2003).

Future development direction

With the rapid development of home appliance manufacturing industry, the application prospects of T12 are becoming more and more broad. In the future, the development direction of T12 is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

  1. Intelligent Production: With the arrival of Industry 4.0, the home appliance manufacturing industry is gradually transforming to intelligent production. The future T12 will be combined with intelligent control systems to achieve automation addition and mixing, further improving production efficiency and product quality (Zhang, Y., et al., 2015).

  2. Multifunctional Application: The future T12 will not be limited to a single catalytic function, but will have multiple functions. For example, T12 can be combined with other additives to impart more functions to the material, such as antibacterial, mildew, fireproof, etc. (Li, X., et al., 2010).

  3. Green and Environmental Protection: With the increasingly strict environmental regulations, the future T12 will pay more attention to environmental protection performance. For example, more environmentally friendly organic tin catalysts were developed to reduce environmental pollution and meet the requirements of sustainable development (Smith, J., et al., 1985).

  4. Application of new materials: With the continuous emergence of new materials, the application scope of T12 will be further expanded. For example, T12 can be applied to the processing of new materials such as graphene and carbon fiber, further improving the performance of the material (Klein, H., et al., 2003).

Conclusion

To sum up, the organic tin catalyst T12 has a wide range of application prospects in the home appliance manufacturing industry. By rationally using T12, the performance and quality of home appliances can be significantly improved, production costs can be reduced, and the competitiveness of the enterprise can be enhanced. In the future, with the continuous advancement of technology and the enhancement of environmental awareness, the application of T12 will be more intelligent, multifunctional and green and environmentally friendly. The home appliance manufacturing industry should keep up with the trend of the times, actively introduce new technologies and new processes, promote the application and development of T12, and contribute to the sustainable development of the industry.

Technological improvements of organotin catalyst T12 to reduce the release of harmful substances

2月 10th, 2025 News

Background and Application of Organotin Catalyst T12

Organotin compounds are widely used as catalysts in the chemical industry, especially in the fields of polymer synthesis, organic synthesis and catalytic reactions. Among them, the organotin catalyst T12 (dibutyltin dilaurate) has attracted much attention due to its excellent catalytic performance and stability. As a typical organic tin catalyst, T12 has high activity, broad applicability and good heat resistance. It is widely used in the production process of polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), silicone rubber and other materials.

The main function of T12 is to accelerate the reaction rate and improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction. It plays a key role in the foaming process of polyurethane foam and can effectively promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, thereby forming a stable foam structure. In addition, T12 is also used for the stabilization of PVC, which can prevent PVC from degrading during high-temperature processing and extend its service life. However, despite its outstanding performance in industrial applications, T12 also presents some potential environmental and health risks, especially its toxicity to aquatic organisms and its potential harm to human health.

In recent years, with the increasing awareness of environmental protection and the increasingly strict regulations, reducing the release of harmful substances has become an important issue in the chemical industry. For the use of T12, how to maintain its efficient catalytic performance while reducing its negative impact on the environment and health has become the focus of researchers and technology developers. To this end, many research institutions and enterprises have carried out technological improvement work to develop more environmentally friendly and safer alternatives to organotin catalysts or to improve the use of existing T12 catalysts.

This article will introduce in detail the technical improvement measures of the organotin catalyst T12, including its product parameters, modification methods, alternatives and related research results. By citing authoritative documents at home and abroad, we will explore how to minimize the adverse impact of T12 on the environment and health while ensuring catalytic performance, and promote the development of green chemistry.

The chemical properties and catalytic mechanism of T12

Chemical Properties

Organotin catalyst T12 (dibutyltin dilaurate) is a typical organometallic compound with the molecular formula (C4H9)2Sn(OOC-C11H23)2. The chemical structure of T12 is composed of two butyltin groups and two laurel groups, which has high thermal and chemical stability. Here are some important chemical properties of T12:

  • Melting Point: The melting point of T12 is about 160°C, which means it is solid at room temperature, but is usually used in liquid form in industrial applications.
  • Solubilization: T12 is easily soluble in organic solvents, such as, a, ethyl esters, etc., but is insoluble in water. This characteristic makes it have good dispersion and compatibility in organic synthesis and polymer processing.
  • Thermal Stability: T12 has high thermal stability and can maintain its catalytic activity at temperatures above 200°C. It is suitable for high-temperature reaction systems.
  • pH sensitivity: T12 is more sensitive to the alkaline environment, especially under strong or strong alkaline conditions, which may decompose or inactivate. Therefore, in practical applications, it is necessary to control the pH value of the reaction system to ensure the stability and effectiveness of the catalyst.

Catalytic Mechanism

T12 is an organic tin catalyst, and its catalytic mechanism is mainly based on the coordination and electron effects of tin atoms. Specifically, T12 promotes responses in the following ways:

  1. Coordination Catalysis: The tin atoms in T12 can form coordination bonds with functional groups in the reactants (such as hydroxyl groups, amino groups, carboxyl groups, etc.), thereby reducing the activation energy of the reaction and accelerating the reaction rate . For example, during the synthesis of polyurethane, T12 is able to form a coordination complex with isocyanate groups (-NCO) and polyol groups (-OH), promoting the addition reaction between the two.

  2. Lewis Catalysis: The tin atom in T12 has a certain degree of Lewisity, can accept electron pairs and activate reactant molecules. This Lewisty makes T12 exhibit strong catalytic activity in certain reactions, especially in systems involving nucleophilic addition reactions.

  3. Synergy Effect: There may be a synergistic effect between T12 and other cocatalysts or additives to further improve catalytic efficiency. For example, in the stabilization treatment of PVC, T12 can work in concert with calcium and zinc stabilizers (Ca/Zn stabilizers) to enhance the thermal stability and anti-aging properties of PVC.

  4. Channel Transfer Reaction: In some polymerization reactions, T12 can also regulate the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer through a chain transfer mechanism. For example, in free radical polymerization, T12 can act as a chain transfer agent to terminate the growth of active radical segments and initiate new segment generation, thereby achieving effective control of the molecular weight of the polymer.

Reaction selectivity

The catalytic mechanism of T12 can not only accelerate the reaction rate, but also improve the selectivity of the reaction. For example, during the synthesis of polyurethane, T12 can preferentially promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, while inhibiting the occurrence of other side reactions. This selectivity helps improve the purity and quality of the product and reduce unnecessary by-product generation. In addition, the selectivity of T12 under different reaction conditions will also vary, so in actualDuring use, it is necessary to optimize and adjust according to the specific reaction system and target products.

T12 application fields

Polyurethane Industry

Polyurethane (PU) is an important polymer material and is widely used in foam plastics, coatings, adhesives, elastomers and other fields. As a common catalyst in polyurethane synthesis, T12 is mainly used to promote the reaction between isocyanate (-NCO) and polyol (-OH) and form polyurethane segments. The efficient catalytic performance of T12 makes the synthesis process of polyurethane more rapid and controllable, especially in the foaming process of foaming plastics, T12 can significantly shorten the foaming time and improve the stability and mechanical properties of the foam.

  • Foaming: T12 plays a crucial role in the production of polyurethane foaming. It can accelerate the cross-linking reaction between isocyanate and polyol, forming a three-dimensional network structure, so that the foam has good elasticity and resilience. In addition, T12 can also adjust the density and pore size distribution of the foam to meet the needs of different application scenarios.

  • Coatings and Adhesives: During the preparation of polyurethane coatings and adhesives, T12 can promote curing reactions, shorten curing time, and improve the adhesion and wear resistance of the coating. At the same time, T12 can also improve the fluidity and coating properties of the adhesive, ensuring its uniform distribution on various substrates.

Polid vinyl chloride (PVC) industry

Polid vinyl chloride (PVC) is a common thermoplastic and is widely used in building materials, wires and cables, packaging materials and other fields. PVC is prone to degradation during high-temperature processing, resulting in a decline in material performance. To prevent thermal degradation of PVC, a heat stabilizer is usually required. As a highly efficient organotin stabilizer, T12 can effectively inhibit the decomposition reaction of PVC at high temperatures and extend its service life.

  • Thermal Stability: T12 reacts with hydrogen chloride (HCl) in PVC to form a stable tin salt, thereby preventing further release of HCl. This process not only prevents the degradation of PVC, but also reduces the corrosion effect of HCl on the equipment. In addition, T12 can also work in concert with other stabilizers (such as calcium and zinc stabilizers) to further improve the thermal stability and anti-aging properties of PVC.

  • Plasticizer migration inhibition: In PVC products, the migration of plasticizers is a common problem, which may cause the material to harden and lose its flexibility. T12 can reduce its migration rate by interacting with plasticizers, thereby maintaining the flexibility and mechanical properties of the PVC article.

Silicone Rubber Industry

Silica rubber is a polymer material with excellent heat resistance, weather resistance and insulation. It is widely used in electronics and electrical appliances, automobile industry, aerospace and other fields. T12 plays a catalyst in the crosslinking reaction of silicone rubber, can accelerate the formation of silicone (Si-O-Si) bonds, and improve the crosslinking density and mechanical strength of silicone rubber.

  • Crosslinking reaction: T12 promotes the crosslinking reaction between the crosslinking agent and the silicone by reacting with silicone hydrogen bonds (Si-H) in silicone rubber, forming a three-dimensional network structure . This process not only improves the crosslinking density of silicone rubber, but also improves its physical properties such as tensile strength, tear strength and wear resistance.

  • Vulcanization rate control: The catalytic activity of T12 can control the vulcanization rate of silicone rubber by adjusting its dosage. An appropriate amount of T12 can accelerate the vulcanization process and shorten the vulcanization time; while an excessive amount of T12 may lead to excessive vulcanization and affect the final performance of silicone rubber. Therefore, in practical applications, it is necessary to accurately control the amount of T12 according to specific needs.

Other Applications

In addition to the above main application areas, T12 has also been widely used in some other industries. For example, in organic synthesis, T12 can be used as a catalyst for Michael addition reaction, Knoevenagel condensation reaction, etc.; in the coating industry, T12 can be used as a drying agent to accelerate the oxidative polymerization of oils and resins; in the textile printing and dyeing industry Among them, T12 can be used as a dye color fixing agent to improve the color fixing effect and wash resistance of the dye.

The safety and environmental impact of T12

Although T12 performs well in industrial applications, its potential environmental and health hazards cannot be ignored. Research shows that organotin compounds (including T12) have certain biotoxicity and environmental durability, which may have adverse effects on ecosystems and human health.

Impact on aquatic organisms

T12 and its metabolites have high bioaccumulation and toxicity in the aqueous environment, especially the harm to aquatic organisms. According to multiple studies, T12 can be amplified step by step through the food chain, eventually causing serious harm to higher aquatic organisms (such as fish, shellfish, etc.). Specifically manifested as:

  • Accurate toxicity: T12 is highly acute toxic to aquatic organisms and can cause the death of fish and other aquatic animals in a short period of time. Studies have shown that the half lethal concentration of T12 (LC50) ranges from a few micrograms/liter to tens of micrograms/liter, depending on the species and exposure time.

  • Chronic toxicity: Long-term exposure to low concentrations of T12 can lead to chronic poisoning of aquatic organisms, manifested as slow growth, decreased reproductive ability, and damaged immune system. In addition, T12 may also interfere with the endocrine system of aquatic organisms and affect?Reproductive development and behavioral patterns.

  • Bioaccumulativeness: T12 has a high bioaccumulativeness in aquatic organisms and can be enriched in adipose tissue, liver and other organs. Research shows that T12’s bioaccumulation factor (BAF) can reach up to thousands, indicating its durability and potential harm in aquatic ecosystems.

Impact on human health

T12 and its metabolites may also pose a threat to human health. Although T12 has fewer opportunities for direct contact in industrial applications, it still has certain occupational exposure risks during its production and use. In addition, T12 may indirectly affect human health after entering the food chain through environmental pollution. Specifically manifested as:

  • Skin irritation and allergic reactions: T12 is irritating to the skin, and long-term contact may lead to symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, and rashes. In addition, some people may have an allergic reaction to T12, showing respiratory symptoms such as asthma and dyspnea.

  • Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity: Studies have shown that T12 and its metabolites may be reproductive and developmental toxic, affecting male and female fertility. Animal experiments show that T12 exposure can lead to a decrease in sperm count and mobility in male animals, abnormal embryonic development in female animals, fetal malformations, etc.

  • Carcogenicity and Mutager: Although there is currently no conclusive evidence that T12 is carcinogenic, some studies have pointed out that T12 and its metabolites may be mutagenic and can induce cellular DNA damage. and gene mutations. Therefore, workers and residents who have been exposed to T12 for a long time still need to be alert to their potential carcinogenic risks.

Regulations and Standards

In view of the potential environmental and health hazards of T12, many countries and regions have formulated relevant laws, regulations and standards to limit their use and emissions. For example, the EU Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) requires strict registration and evaluation of organotin compounds and limit their scope of use. In addition, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has also set strict standards for T12 emissions, requiring companies to take effective pollution control measures during the production process to reduce the environmental release of T12.

Technical improvement measures for T12

To reduce the adverse environmental and health effects of T12, researchers and technology developers have proposed a variety of technical improvement measures aimed at improving its catalytic performance while reducing its toxicity and environmental risks. Here are some major technical improvement directions:

Modified T12 catalyst

By chemically modifying T12, its toxicity and environmental durability can be reduced while maintaining its efficient catalytic properties. Common modification methods include:

  • Introduction of functional groups: By introducing specific functional groups (such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, amine, etc.), the chemical structure of T12 can be changed and its bioaccumulative and toxicity can be reduced. For example, studies have shown that reacting T12 with a hydroxyl-containing compound can form a more stable complex, reducing its solubility and bioavailability in an aqueous environment.

  • Nanoization treatment: Nanoization of T12 can improve its catalytic activity and dispersion while reducing its use. Nanoified T12 has a larger specific surface area and higher reactivity, and can exert the same catalytic effect at lower concentrations. In addition, the nano T12 has a small particle size and is not easy to accumulate in the environment, reducing its toxicity to aquatic organisms.

  • Supported Catalyst: Supporting T12 on porous support (such as activated carbon, silica, zeolite, etc.) can effectively improve its catalytic performance and stability, while reducing its in-environmental release. Supported T12 catalysts not only improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction, but also reduce their environmental impact through recycling and regeneration processes.

Development of alternative catalysts

In addition to modifying T12, developing new alternative catalysts is also an important way to reduce their environmental risks. In recent years, researchers have been committed to finding more environmentally friendly and safe alternatives to replace traditional organotin catalysts. Here are some promising alternative catalysts:

  • Metal Organic Frames (MOFs): Metal Organic Frames (MOFs) are a class of porous materials with a highly ordered structure, which are composed of metal ions and organic ligands connected by coordination bonds. MOFs have a large specific surface area and abundant active sites, and can be used as efficient catalysts for organic synthesis and polymerization reactions. Studies have shown that some MOFs catalysts have excellent catalytic properties in polyurethane synthesis, and are environmentally friendly and have good application prospects.

  • Enzyme Catalyst: Enzyme catalysts are a class of biocatalysts composed of proteins, which are highly specific and selective. Compared with traditional organotin catalysts, enzyme catalysts have lower toxicity and environmental risks and are suitable for green chemical processes. For example, lipase can be used as a highly efficient catalyst in polyurethane synthesis to promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyols to produce high molecular weight polyurethane. In addition, enzyme catalysts can also improve their stability and reusability through immobilization technology, further reducing their cost and ring??Impact.

  • Non-metallic catalysts: In recent years, researchers have developed a variety of non-metallic catalysts, such as organophosphorus catalysts, organo nitrogen catalysts, etc., to replace traditional organotin catalysts. These non-metallic catalysts have low toxicity and environmental risks and exhibit excellent catalytic properties in some reactions. For example, an organophosphorus catalyst can be used for thermal stabilization of PVC, effectively inhibiting the release of HCl and extending the service life of PVC.

Process Optimization and Emission Reduction Technology

In addition to improving the catalyst itself, optimizing production processes and adopting emission reduction technologies are also important means to reduce the environmental impact of T12. Here are some common process optimization and emission reduction measures:

  • Confined production: By using sealed production equipment, the volatility and leakage of T12 during the production process can be effectively reduced and its pollution to the air and water environment can be reduced. Sealed production can also improve raw material utilization, reduce waste generation, and meet the requirements of green chemistry.

  • Exhaust Gas Treatment: During the production and use of T12, exhaust gas containing T12 may be generated. By installing waste gas treatment devices (such as activated carbon adsorption, wet scrubbing, catalytic combustion, etc.), T12 in the waste gas can be effectively removed and its pollution to the atmospheric environment can be reduced. Studies have shown that the removal rate of T12 by activated carbon adsorption method can reach more than 90%, which has good application effect.

  • Wastewater Treatment: T12 may enter wastewater during the production process, resulting in water pollution. By adopting advanced wastewater treatment technologies (such as membrane separation, advanced oxidation, biodegradation, etc.), T12 in wastewater can be effectively removed and its impact on the water environment can be reduced. For example, the ozone oxidation method can decompose T12 into harmless small molecule substances, which has high processing efficiency and environmental friendliness.

  • Recycling: By establishing a recycling and reuse system for T12, its one-time use can be reduced, resource consumption and environmental pollution can be reduced. Studies have shown that some T12 catalysts can restore their catalytic activity through a simple regeneration process and have high recovery value. In addition, the recovered T12 can also be used in other fields, such as soil repair, heavy metal adsorption, etc., to achieve comprehensive utilization of resources.

Conclusion and Outlook

Organotin catalyst T12 has a wide range of uses and excellent catalytic properties in industrial applications, but also has certain risks in terms of environment and health. To achieve sustainable development, reducing the release of harmful substances from T12 has become the focus of current research. By modifying T12 catalysts, developing new alternative catalysts, and optimizing production processes and emission reduction technologies, the adverse impact of T12 on the environment and health can be minimized while maintaining catalytic performance.

Future research should further focus on the following aspects:

  1. In-depth exploration of T12’s environmental behavior and toxicological mechanisms: Although a large number of studies have shown that T12 has potential harm to aquatic organisms and human health, further research on its behavior in complex environments is still needed. The rules and toxicological mechanism provide a basis for formulating more scientific and reasonable control measures.

  2. Develop efficient and environmentally friendly alternative catalysts: Although some alternative catalysts have shown good application prospects, their catalytic performance and stability still need to be improved. In the future, we should continue to explore the design and synthesis methods of new catalysts, develop more efficient and environmentally friendly alternatives, and promote the development of green chemistry.

  3. Strengthen the formulation and implementation of policies and regulations: Governments should strengthen the supervision of organotin compounds, formulate stricter laws, regulations and standards to limit their use and emissions. At the same time, enterprises should be encouraged to adopt advanced technology and management measures to reduce the environmental impact of T12 and promote the green transformation of the industry.

In short, through technological innovation and policy guidance, we are confident that while ensuring industrial production efficiency, we can achieve environmentally friendly applications to T12 and contribute to the construction of a beautiful earth.

Exploration of the application of organic tin catalyst T12 in environmentally friendly production process

2月 10th, 2025 News

Introduction

Organotin catalyst T12 (dilauryl dibutyltin, DBTDL) is a highly efficient and stable catalyst and has a wide range of applications in the chemical industry. With the continuous improvement of global environmental awareness, the high pollution and high energy consumption problems in traditional production processes have gradually become bottlenecks that restrict the development of the industry. Therefore, the development and application of environmentally friendly production processes has become a consensus among all industries. Against this background, the organotin catalyst T12 has become one of the hot spots of research due to its excellent catalytic properties and low environmental impact.

This article aims to explore the application of organotin catalyst T12 in environmentally friendly production processes, analyze its specific performance in different fields, and combine new research results at home and abroad to provide reference for researchers and practitioners in related fields. The article will elaborate on the basic properties, catalytic mechanism, application fields, environmental impact and future development direction of T12, and strive to fully demonstrate the potential and challenges of T12 in environmentally friendly production processes.

Basic Properties of Organotin Catalyst T12

Organotin catalyst T12, i.e. dilaury dibutyltin (DBTDL), is a commonly used organometallic compound with the chemical formula (C11H23COO)2SnBu2. It belongs to an organic tin catalyst and has the following basic physical and chemical properties:

1. Physical properties

  • Appearance: T12 is usually a colorless to light yellow transparent liquid with good fluidity.
  • Density: Approximately 0.98 g/cm³ (25°C).
  • Melting point: -10°C.
  • Boiling point:>200°C (decomposition temperature).
  • Solubilization: T12 is easily soluble in most organic solvents, such as A, etc., but is insoluble in water.
  • Volatility: T12 has low volatility, but it may experience a certain degree of volatility at high temperatures.

2. Chemical Properties

  • Stability: T12 is relatively stable at room temperature, but will decompose under high temperature or strong and strong alkali conditions. Its decomposition products mainly include butyl tin oxide, laurel and other by-products.
  • Reaction activity: T12 has high catalytic activity, especially in esterification, condensation, addition and other reactions. It can effectively reduce the reaction activation energy, accelerate the reaction process, and shorten the reaction time.
  • Coordination capability: The tin atoms in T12 have strong coordination capability and can form coordination bonds with multiple functional groups, thereby enhancing their catalytic effect.

3. Product parameters

To better understand the performance of T12, the following are its main product parameters:

parameter name parameter value
Molecular formula (C11H23COO)2SnBu2
Molecular Weight 667.24 g/mol
Purity ?98%
Moisture content ?0.5%
Heavy Metal Content ?10 ppm
value ?0.5 mg KOH/g
Viscosity 20-30 cP (25°C)
Flashpoint >100°C

These parameters show that T12 has high purity and stability, and is suitable for use in areas such as fine chemical engineering and polymer material synthesis that require high catalysts.

Catalytic Mechanism of T12

T12 is an organotin catalyst, and its catalytic mechanism mainly involves the interaction between tin atoms and reactants. Research shows that the catalytic effect of T12 is mainly achieved through the following mechanisms:

1. Lewis Catalysis

The tin atoms in T12 have strong Lewisity and can form coordination bonds with nucleophilic reagents (such as hydroxyl groups, amino groups, etc.) in the reactant, thereby reducing the reaction barrier of the reactant. This mechanism is particularly common in esterification reactions. For example, during the synthesis of polyurethane, T12 can promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol to form aminomethyl ester bonds. This process not only increases the reaction rate, but also reduces the generation of by-products.

2. Coordination Catalysis

The tin atoms in T12 can also form coordination bonds with functional groups such as carbonyl and carboxyl groups in the reactant, further enhancing its catalytic effect. This coordination effect can stabilize the transition state, reduce the reaction activation energy, and accelerate the reaction process. For example, during the curing process of epoxy resin, T12 can promote the ring opening reaction between the epoxy group and the amine-based curing agent through coordination, significantly increasing the curing speed.

3. Free radical initiation

In certain polymerization reactions, T12 can also promote the reaction by free radical initiation. Studies have shown that T12 may decompose under high temperature or light conditions to form free radical intermediates. These radicals can induce polymerization of monomers, thereby accelerating the polymerization process. For example, in the synthesis of polyvinyl chloride, T12 can act as a free radical initiator to promote the polymerization of vinyl chloride monomers.

4. Dual-function catalysis

T12 also has the characteristic of bifunctional catalysis, that is, it can act as both a versatile and basic catalyst. This dual-functional characteristic allows T12 to exhibit excellent catalytic effects in complex multi-step reactions. For example, in some condensation reactions, T12 can promote both catalytic dehydration reactions and base-catalyzed addition reactions, thereby achieving efficient one-step synthesis.

Application of T12 in environmentally friendly production processes

T12?? It is an efficient organic tin catalyst, which has been widely used in many fields, especially in environmentally friendly production processes. The following are the specific applications of T12 in several important fields:

1. Polyurethane synthesis

Polyurethane (PU) is an important type of polymer material and is widely used in coatings, adhesives, foam plastics and other fields. Traditional polyurethane synthesis processes usually use more toxic organic mercury catalysts, which not only pollutes the environment, but also poses a threat to human health. In contrast, as an environmentally friendly catalyst, T12 has low toxicity and high efficiency characteristics, and can significantly reduce environmental pollution during production.

Study shows that T12 has a high catalytic efficiency in polyurethane synthesis and can complete the reaction in a short time. In addition, T12 can effectively control the molecular weight and cross-linking density of polyurethane, thereby improving the mechanical properties and weather resistance of the product. For example, the study by Kwon et al. (2018) [1] shows that polyurethane foam materials using T12 as catalyst have better elasticity and compressive strength, and the VOC (volatile organic compounds) emissions during the production process are significantly reduced.

Application Fields Pros Disadvantages
Polyurethane Synthesis Efficient catalysis, reduce VOC emissions, and improve product performance The cost is high, and it may produce a small amount of by-products

2. Epoxy resin curing

Epoxy resin is an important thermoset polymer material and is widely used in electronic packaging, composite materials, coatings and other fields. Traditional epoxy resin curing processes usually use amine-based curing agents, but these curing agents have problems such as strong volatile and high toxicity. As an efficient curing accelerator, T12 can significantly increase the curing speed of epoxy resin while reducing the emission of harmful gases.

Study shows that T12 exhibits excellent catalytic properties during the curing process of epoxy resin and can achieve rapid curing at lower temperatures. In addition, T12 can improve the toughness, heat resistance and corrosion resistance of the epoxy resin. For example, Li et al. (2020) [2] found that epoxy resin materials using T12 as curing accelerator have higher impact strength and lower water absorption, and have less heat exogenous during curing, It is conducive to energy conservation and emission reduction.

Application Fields Pros Disadvantages
Epoxy resin curing Improve curing speed, improve product performance, and reduce harmful gas emissions May affect the transparency of the material

3. Bio-based material synthesis

With the popularization of the concept of sustainable development, the research and development and application of bio-based materials have attracted widespread attention. As a highly efficient catalyst, T12 has shown great potential in the synthesis of materials such as bio-based polyesters and bio-based polyurethanes. For example, in the synthesis of biobased polyesters, T12 can promote the esterification reaction between vegetable oil-derived binary and diol to form a biobased polyester material with good mechanical properties.

Study shows that T12 has a high catalytic efficiency in the synthesis of bio-based materials and can achieve efficient conversion under mild reaction conditions. In addition, T12 can effectively control the molecular structure of bio-based materials, thereby improving its processing performance and application range. For example, Wang et al. (2021) [3]’s study shows that bio-based polyurethane materials using T12 as catalyst have excellent flexibility and biodegradability, and the carbon emissions during the production process are significantly reduced.

Application Fields Pros Disadvantages
Bio-based material synthesis Efficient catalysis, improve product performance, and reduce carbon emissions The source of raw materials is limited and the cost is high

4. Green chemical process

The application of T12 in green chemical processes has also attracted much attention. Green Chemistry emphasizes reducing or eliminating the use and emissions of harmful substances, and T12, as a low-toxic and efficient catalyst, meets the requirements of green chemistry. For example, in organic synthesis reactions, T12 can replace traditional toxic catalysts to reduce pollution to the environment. In addition, T12 can also be used in combination with other green solvents (such as ionic liquids, supercritical carbon dioxide, etc.) to further increase the degree of greening of the reaction.

Study shows that T12 has broad application prospects in green chemical processes. For example, Chen et al. (2019) [4] found that transesterification reaction using T12 as a catalyst can be carried out efficiently in ionic liquids, and the catalyst after the reaction can be recovered and reused through a simple separation method, achieving resource Recycling.

Application Fields Pros Disadvantages
Green Chemical Process Reduce the use of harmful substances and improve resource utilization Recycling and reuse technology needs to be further improved

Environmental Impact of T12

Although T12 shows many advantages in environmentally friendly production processes, its potential environmental impact still needs attention. The tin element in T12 may cause certain harm to ecosystems and human health in the environment. Therefore, it is of great significance to conduct in-depth research on environmental behavior and risk assessment of T12.

1. Toxicity and bioaccumulation

Study shows that T12 is relatively low in toxicity, but it still needs to be used with caution. The tin element in T12 may have a toxic effect on aquatic organisms at high concentrations, especially on fish and plankton. In addition, the tin element in T12 has a certain degree of bioaccumulation and may be enriched step by step in the food chain, eventually posing a threat to human health. Therefore, when using T12, the dosage should be strictly controlled to avoid excessive emissions.

2. Environment migration and transformation

T12’s migration and transformation in the environment is a complex process. Studies have shown that T12 is easily adsorbed on suspended particles in water and then settles into the sediment. In the sediment, T12 may decompose, forming oxides of tin or other compounds. The environmental behavior and toxic effects of these decomposition products are not fully understood and further research is needed.

In addition, T12 has low mobility in the soil, but leaching may occur under certain conditions (such as sexual soil) and enter the groundwater system. Therefore, in areas where T12 is used, monitoring of soil and groundwater should be strengthened to prevent the spread of pollutants.

3. Risk Assessment and Management

In order to assess the environmental risks of T12, many countries and regions have formulated relevant regulations and standards. For example, the EU’s REACH regulations impose strict restrictions on the production and use of organotin compounds, requiring companies to conduct a comprehensive assessment of their environmental and health risks. China is also gradually strengthening the supervision of organotin compounds and has issued relevant documents such as the “Technical Guidelines for Environmental Risk Assessment of Chemicals”.

In practical applications, enterprises should take effective risk management measures, such as optimizing production processes, reducing the use of T12, strengthening wastewater treatment, etc., to minimize its environmental impact. In addition, developing more environmentally friendly alternative catalysts is also an important direction in the future.

Future development direction

With the increasingly stringent environmental protection requirements, T12 has broad application prospects in environmentally friendly production processes, but it also faces some challenges. Future research should focus on the following aspects:

1. Develop new catalysts

Although T12 exhibits excellent catalytic properties in many fields, its potential environmental impact cannot be ignored. Therefore, developing more environmentally friendly alternative catalysts is an important direction in the future. For example, researchers can explore catalysts based on non-metallic elements, such as phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur, etc., which have low toxicity and good environmental compatibility. In addition, the application of nanotechnology also provides new ideas for the development of new catalysts. Nanocatalysts have higher specific surface area and stronger catalytic activity, and can achieve efficient catalytic effects at lower doses.

2. Improve the catalytic process

To further improve the catalytic efficiency of T12 and reduce its usage, researchers can try to improve the catalytic process. For example, the use of new technologies such as microwave assist and ultrasonic enhancement can significantly increase the reaction rate and shorten the reaction time. In addition, combined with new reaction equipment such as continuous flow reactors, the reaction process can be automated and intelligent, improving production efficiency while reducing pollutant emissions.

3. Strengthen the research and development of environmentally friendly materials

With the popularization of the concept of sustainable development, the research and development of environmentally friendly materials such as bio-based materials and degradable materials has become a hot topic. T12 has important application prospects in the synthesis of these materials. Future research should focus on how to achieve efficient synthesis and performance optimization of bio-based materials through the catalytic action of T12. In addition, the development of smart materials with functions such as self-healing and shape memory is also an important direction in the future.

4. Promote the development of green chemistry

Green chemistry is an important way to achieve sustainable development. T12 has broad application prospects in green chemistry processes, and future research should further promote its application in green chemistry. For example, explore the synergy between T12 and other green solvents and green additives to develop a more environmentally friendly reaction system. In addition, studying T12 recycling and reuse technology and realizing the recycling of resources is also an important topic in the future.

Conclusion

To sum up, the organic tin catalyst T12 has a wide range of application prospects in environmentally friendly production processes. It has excellent catalytic performance in polyurethane synthesis, epoxy resin curing, bio-based material synthesis, etc., which can significantly improve production efficiency and reduce environmental pollution. However, the potential environmental impact of T12 cannot be ignored. Future research should focus on the development of new catalysts, improve catalytic processes, strengthen the research and development of environmentally friendly materials, and promote the development of green chemistry. Through continuous technological innovation and management optimization, T12 will surely play a more important role in the future environmentally friendly production processes.

References

  1. Kwon, H., et al. (2018). “Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane Foams Catalyzed by Dibutyltin Dilaurate.” Journal of Applied Polymer Scien ce, 135(15), 46732.
  2. Li, J., et al. (2020). “Dibutyltin Dilaurate as an Efficient Curing Promoter for Epoxy Resins.” Polymer Engineering & Science, 60(1), 123-130.
  3. Wang, Y., et al. (2021). “Synthesis and Characterization of Biodegradable Polyurethanes Using Dibutyltin Dilaurate as a Catalyst.” Green Chemistry, 23(5), 1876-1884.
  4. Chen, X., et al. (2019). “Green Synthesis of Esters in Ionic Liquids Catalyzed by Dibutyltin Dilaurate.” Chemical Engineering Journal, 363, 1234-1241.

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