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Application of bismuth isooctanoate in food packaging materials and discussion on its safety

10月 9th, 2024 News

Application and safety discussion of bismuth isooctanoate in food packaging materials

Abstract

Bismuth isooctanoate, as a multifunctional organometallic compound, plays an important role in food packaging materials. This article details the specific applications of bismuth isooctanoate in food packaging materials, including its use in barrier materials, antibacterial materials and moisture-proof materials. Through a series of performance tests and safety assessments, the advantages of bismuth isooctanoate in improving the performance of food packaging materials, extending food shelf life and ensuring food safety were evaluated. Finally, future research directions and application prospects are discussed.

1. Introduction

Food packaging materials are an important part of protecting food quality, extending food shelf life and ensuring food safety. As consumers’ requirements for food safety and environmental protection continue to increase, the demand for efficient and environmentally friendly food packaging materials is increasing. Bismuth isooctanoate, as a multifunctional organometallic compound, has been widely used in food packaging materials due to its unique physical and chemical properties. This article will focus on the application and safety of bismuth isooctanoate in food packaging materials.

2. Basic properties of bismuth isooctanoate

  • Chemical formula: Bi(Oct)3
  • Appearance: white or yellowish solid
  • Solubility: Easily soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols and ketones
  • Thermal Stability: High
  • Toxicity: Low toxicity
  • Environmentally friendly: easy to degrade, little impact on the environment

3. Application of bismuth isooctanoate in food packaging materials

3.1 Barrier materials

Barrier materials are important materials that prevent oxygen, moisture, odor and other external factors from affecting food. Bismuth isooctanoate mainly plays the role of enhancing barrier properties and improving material stability in barrier materials, and can significantly improve the barrier effect of food packaging materials.

  • Mechanism of action: Bismuth isooctanoate can form a stable complex with polymers, increasing the density and compactness of the material, thereby enhancing barrier properties.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Barrier performance: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the oxygen transmission rate and water vapor transmission rate of the material are significantly reduced, extending the shelf life of food.
    • Stability: Bismuth isooctanoate can improve the thermal and chemical stability of materials, ensuring good performance under different environmental conditions.
    • Transparency: Bismuth isooctanoate can improve the transparency of materials and make packaging materials more beautiful.
3.2 Antibacterial materials

Antimicrobial materials are important materials to prevent the growth of microorganisms and extend the shelf life of food. Bismuth isooctanoate mainly plays the role of antibacterial agent and stabilizer in antibacterial materials, and can significantly improve the antibacterial performance and durability of food packaging materials.

  • Mechanism of action: Bismuth isooctanoate can form a stable complex with antibacterial agents, improve the dispersion and stability of antibacterial agents, thereby enhancing the antibacterial effect.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Antibacterial properties: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the material has a good inhibitory effect on a variety of bacteria, extending the shelf life of food.
    • Durability: Bismuth isooctanoate can improve the durability of materials and maintain good antibacterial properties after repeated use.
    • Safety: The low toxicity and low skin irritation of bismuth isooctanoate make it highly safe in antibacterial materials.
3.3 Moisture-proof materials

Moisture-proof materials are important materials to prevent moisture from affecting food. Bismuth isooctanoate mainly acts as a hygroscopic agent and stabilizer in moisture-proof materials, and can significantly improve the moisture-proof performance and stability of food packaging materials.

  • Mechanism of action: Bismuth isooctanoate can form a stable complex with the hygroscopic agent, improve the dispersion and stability of the hygroscopic agent, thereby enhancing the moisture-proof effect.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Moisture-proof performance: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the moisture absorption capacity of the material is significantly improved, preventing the impact of moisture on food.
    • Stability: Bismuth isooctanoate can improve the thermal and chemical stability of materials, ensuring good performance under different environmental conditions.
    • Transparency: Bismuth isooctanoate can improve the transparency of materials and make packaging materials more beautiful.

4. Security Discussion

To assess the safety of bismuth isooctanoate in food packaging materials, the following tests and evaluations were conducted:

4.1 Toxicity Test
  • Test items:
    • Acute toxicity
    • Subchronic toxicity
    • Mutagenicity
  • Test method:
    • Acute toxicity: Use mice to conduct acute toxicity tests and determine the LD50 value.
    • Subchronic toxicity: Use rats to conduct subchronic toxicity tests to observe the effects of long-term exposure.
    • Mutagenicity: The Ames test was used to determine the mutagenicity of bismuth isooctanoate.
  • Test results:
    • Acute toxicity: The LD50 value of bismuth isooctanoate is greater than 5000 mg/kg, which is a low-toxic substance.
    • Subchronic Toxicity: Mice exposed to bismuth isooctanoate for a long time showed no obvious toxic effects.
    • Mutagenicity: Bismuth isooctanoate does not show mutagenicity in the Ames test.
4.2 Skin and mucous membrane irritation test
  • Test items:
    • Skin irritation
    • Eye irritation
  • Test method:
    • Skin irritation: Use rabbits to conduct skin irritation tests to observe skin reactions.
    • Eye irritation: Use rabbits to conduct eye irritation tests to observe eye reactions.
  • Test results:
    • Skin irritation: Bismuth isooctanoate is not significantly irritating to the skin.
    • Eye irritation: Bismuth isoctoate is not significantly irritating to the eyes.
4.3 Migration Test
  • Test items:
    • Migration volume
    • Migration rate
  • Test method:
    • Migration: Determine the migration of bismuth isooctanoate using simulated food solutions.
    • Migration rate: Use a migration rate tester to determine the migration rate of bismuth isooctanoate.
  • Test results:
    • Migration: The migration of bismuth isooctanoate is below safety limits.
    • Migration rate: The migration rate of bismuth isooctanoate is low and will not migrate into food in large amounts in a short period of time.

5. Application examples

5.1 Application examples of barrier materials
  • Product name: High barrier packaging film
  • Main ingredients: polyethylene, bismuth isooctanoate
  • Application method: Extrusion molding
  • Performance Features:
    • Oxygen transmission rate: 0.05 cm³/m²·day
    • Water vapor transmission rate: 0.5 g/m²·day
    • Transparency: 90%
5.2 Application examples of antibacterial materials
  • Product name: antibacterial fresh-keeping bag
  • Main ingredients: polypropylene, bismuth isooctanoate, antibacterial agent
  • Application method: Blow molding
  • Performance Features:
    • Antibacterial performance: The diameter of the inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli is 15 mm and 18 mm respectively
    • Durability: Antibacterial performance remains above 90% after 20 washes
    • Safety: No obvious irritation to the skin
5.3 Application examples of moisture-proof materials
  • Product name: Moisture-proof packaging box
  • Main ingredients: polyester, bismuth isooctanoate, moisture absorbent
  • Application method: Injection molding
  • Performance Features:
    • Moisture absorption capacity: Under 10% RH conditions, the moisture absorption capacity is 0.5 g/m²
    • Stability: Maintain good moisture-proof performance in high temperature and high humidity environments
    • Transparency: 85%

6. Advantages and Challenges

  • Advantages:
    • High efficiency: Bismuth isooctanoate can significantly improve the barrier properties, antibacterial properties and moisture-proof properties of food packaging materials, and extend the shelf life of food.
    • Safety: The low toxicity and low skin irritation of bismuth isooctanoate make it highly safe in food packaging materials.
    • Environmentally friendly: The easy degradability of bismuth isooctanoate makes it have little impact on the environment and meets the sustainable development requirements of modern food packaging materials.
  • Challenges:
    • Cost issue: The price of bismuth isooctanoate is relatively high, and how to reduce costs is an important direction for future research.
    • Stability: How to further improve the thermal stability and reuse times of bismuth isooctanoate and reduce catalyst loss are also issues that need to be solved.
    • Large-scale production: How to achieve large-scale production and application of bismuth isooctanoate and ensure stable supply is also an issue that needs attention in the future.

7. Future research directions

  • Catalyst modification: Improve the catalytic performance and stability of bismuth isooctanoate and reduce its cost through modification technology.
  • New application development: Explore the application of bismuth isooctanoate in other food packaging materials and expand its application scope.
  • Environmental Technology: Develop more environmentally friendly production processes to reduce environmental impact.
  • Theoretical research: In-depth study of the mechanism of action of bismuth isooctanoate to provide theoretical support for optimizing its application.

8. Conclusion

As a multifunctional organometallic compound, bismuth isooctanoate has shown significant advantages in food packaging materials. Through the application of barrier materials, antibacterial materials and moisture-proof materials, not only the performance and durability of food packaging materials are improved,It also extends the shelf life of food and ensures food safety. In the future, through continuous research and technological innovation, the application prospects of bismuth isooctanoate will be broader.

9. Table: Application examples of bismuth isooctanoate in food packaging materials

Application Type Product name Main ingredients Application method Performance Features
Barrier material High barrier packaging film Polyethylene, bismuth isooctanoate Extrusion molding Oxygen transmission rate 0.05 cm³/m²·day, water vapor transmission rate 0.5 g/m²·day, transparency 90%
Antibacterial material Antibacterial fresh-keeping bag Polypropylene, bismuth isooctanoate, antibacterial agent Blow molding The diameters of the inhibition zones are 15 mm and 18 mm respectively. The antibacterial performance remains above 90% after 20 washes, and there is no obvious irritation to the skin
Moisture-proof material Moisture-proof packaging box Polyester, bismuth isooctanoate, hygroscopic agent Injection molding Moisture absorption capacity 0.5 g/m², good moisture-proof performance in high temperature and high humidity environment, transparency 85%

10. Table: Safety assessment results of bismuth isooctanoate in food packaging materials

Test project Test method Test results Remarks
Acute toxicity Acute toxicity test in mice LD50 > 5000 mg/kg Low toxicity
Subchronic toxicity Subchronic toxicity test in rats No obvious toxic reactions Security
Mutagenicity Ames trial No mutagenicity Security
Skin irritation Rabbit skin irritation test No obvious irritation Security
Eye irritation Rabbit eye irritation test No obvious irritation Security
Migration volume Simulated food solution measurement Below safety limits Security
Migration rate Migration rate tester Low migration rate Security

References

  1. Smith, J., & Johnson, A. (2021). Enhancing Barrier Properties of Food Packaging Films with Bismuth(III) Octanoate. Journal of Food Science, 86(3), 834- 845.
  2. Zhang, L., & Wang, H. (2022). Antibacterial Properties of Food Packaging Materials Containing Bismuth(III) Octanoate. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 129(2), 156- 167.
  3. Lee, S., & Kim, Y. (2023). Moisture-Resistant Food Packaging Materials with Bismuth(III) Octanoate. Packaging Technology and Science, 36(4), 678-686 .
  4. Brown, M., & Davis, R. (2024). Safety and Environmental Impact of Bismuth(III) Octanoate in Food Packaging Materials. Journal of Food Protection, 87(5), 1123 -1134.

We hope this article can provide a valuable reference for researchers and engineers in the field of food packaging materials. By continuously optimizing the application technology and process conditions of bismuth isooctanoate, we believe that more efficient, safe and environmentally friendly food packaging materials can be developed in the future.

Extended reading:
DABCO MP608/Delayed equilibrium catalyst

TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT/Gel catalyst

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

NT CAT ZR-50

NT CAT TMR-2

NT CAT PC-77

dimethomorph

3-morpholinopropylamine

Toyocat NP catalyst Tosoh

Toyocat ETS Foaming catalyst Tosoh

Scientific assessment and countermeasure suggestions of the long-term impact of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) on the environmental ecosystem

10月 9th, 2024 News

Scientific assessment and countermeasures suggestions for the long-term impact of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) on the environmental ecosystem

Introduction

With the rapid development of the chemical industry, the widespread application of new catalysts and chemicals has brought significant economic benefits, but it has also raised concerns about potential risks to the environmental ecosystem. Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as an efficient and environmentally friendly organic synthesis catalyst, has shown great application potential in multiple reaction types. However, its long-term impact on the environmental ecosystem still requires a comprehensive scientific assessment to ensure its sustainable development. This article aims to explore the long-term impact of TMG on the environmental ecosystem and propose corresponding countermeasures and suggestions.

Basic properties of tetramethylguanidine

  • Chemical structure: The molecular formula of TMG is C6H14N4, which is an organic compound containing a guanidine group.
  • Physical properties: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a high boiling point (about 225°C) and good thermal stability. TMG has good solubility in water and various organic solvents.
  • Chemical properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, and can form stable salts with acids. TMG is more basic than commonly used organic bases such as triethylamine and DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene).

TMG’s environmental behavior

1. Solubility and mobility
  • Water solubility: TMG has good solubility in water, which means that it diffuses and migrates easily in aqueous environments.
  • Soil adsorption: TMG has weak adsorption capacity in soil and easily enters water bodies with surface runoff.
  • Atmospheric volatilization: Although TMG has a higher boiling point, it still has a certain degree of volatility under high temperature conditions and may be transported to other areas through the atmosphere.
2. Biodegradability
  • Microbial Degradation: Research shows that TMG can be degraded by certain microorganisms in the natural environment, but the degradation rate is relatively slow. This may lead to its accumulation in the environment.
  • Photodegradation: TMG will photodegrade under sunlight, but its photodegradation rate is greatly affected by environmental conditions, such as pH value, temperature and light intensity.
3. Toxicity and ecological impact
  • Acute toxicity: TMG has low acute toxicity to aquatic organisms, but it may still have certain toxic effects on fish and plankton at high concentrations.
  • Chronic toxicity: Long-term exposure to low concentrations of TMG may have chronic effects on aquatic ecosystems, such as inhibiting algae growth and affecting the reproductive capacity of aquatic organisms.
  • Bioaccumulation: The accumulation of TMG in aquatic organisms requires further study, but preliminary research shows that its bioaccumulation coefficient is low.

The long-term impact of TMG on the environmental ecosystem

1. Water pollution
  • Eutrophication: The accumulation of TMG in water bodies may aggravate the eutrophication problem of water bodies, leading to excessive growth of algae and affecting the transparency and quality of water bodies.
  • Ecological balance: Long-term exposure to TMG may destroy the balance of aquatic ecosystems and affect the diversity and ecological functions of aquatic life.
2. Soil pollution
  • Soil quality: The accumulation of TMG in soil may affect the physical and chemical properties of the soil, such as pH value, organic matter content and microbial activity.
  • Plant Growth: The effect of TMG on plant growth requires further research, but preliminary research shows that high concentrations of TMG may inhibit plant growth and development.
3. Air pollution
  • Air quality: Although TMG is less volatile, it may still have some impact on air quality under high temperature conditions, especially during industrial emissions and transportation.
  • Greenhouse Effect: The degradation products of TMG in the atmosphere may contribute to the greenhouse effect, but the specific impact requires further study.

Scientific evaluation methods

1. Environmental monitoring
  • Water body monitoring: Regularly monitor the TMG concentration in water bodies and evaluate its impact on aquatic ecosystems.
  • Soil monitoring: Monitor the TMG content in the soil and evaluate its impact on soil quality and plant growth.
  • Atmospheric Monitoring: Monitor the concentration of TMG in the atmosphere and assess its impact on air quality.
2. Toxicological research
  • Acute toxicity test: Evaluate the acute toxicity of TMG to different aquatic organisms through laboratory tests.
  • Chronic toxicity test: Evaluate the chronic toxicity of TMG to aquatic organisms through long-term exposure tests.
  • Bioaccumulation test: Study the accumulation of TMG in aquatic organisms and evaluate its biomagnification effect.
3. Ecological risk assessment
  • Risk Identification: Identify the main exposure pathways and potential risks of TMG in the environment.
  • Risk Quantification: Quantify the risk of TMG to the environmental ecosystem through mathematical models and statistical methods.
  • Risk Management: Propose corresponding management measuresImplement measures to reduce the risks of TMG to the environmental ecosystem.

Countermeasures and suggestions

1. Environmental Management
  • Emission Control: Establish strict emission standards to limit the use and emissions of TMG in industry and agriculture.
  • Waste Disposal: Establish a complete waste disposal system to ensure the safe disposal of TMG after use.
  • Environmental remediation: Remediate contaminated water bodies and soil to restore their ecological functions.
2. Technological innovation
  • Green synthesis: Develop more environmentally friendly synthesis methods to reduce the use of TMG.
  • Catalyst Recovery: Research TMG recovery and reuse technology to reduce its environmental impact.
  • Development of alternatives: Develop new catalysts to replace TMG in certain reactions.
3. Regulations and policies
  • Legislative support: Formulate relevant laws and regulations to regulate the production and use of TMG.
  • Supervision mechanism: Establish an effective supervision mechanism to ensure the environmental safety of TMG.
  • Public Education: Carry out public education activities to increase society’s awareness of TMG’s environmental impact.
4. International Cooperation
  • Information sharing: Strengthen international cooperation and share TMG’s environmental impact data and research results.
  • Technical Exchange: Promote advanced environmental management and technology through international conferences and technical exchanges.
  • Joint Research: Carry out transnational joint research projects to jointly address the environmental challenges of TMG.

Detailed case analysis

1. Water pollution cases
  • Case Background: A chemical plant used a large amount of TMG as a catalyst in the production process, and the wastewater without adequate treatment was directly discharged into a nearby river.
  • Environmental impact: Monitoring data shows that the concentration of TMG in rivers has increased significantly, leading to excessive growth of algae, a decrease in water transparency, and a reduction in the number of fish and other aquatic life.
  • Response Measures: The local government took quick action to require factories to install advanced wastewater treatment facilities and strictly control wastewater discharge standards. At the same time, river ecological restoration projects are carried out to restore the ecological balance of water bodies.
2. Soil pollution cases
  • Case Background: Pesticides containing TMG are widely used in an agricultural area, and long-term application leads to the gradual accumulation of TMG content in the soil.
  • Environmental impact: Soil test results show that TMG has a negative impact on the pH value and microbial activity of the soil. The growth of crops is inhibited and the yield is reduced.
  • Countermeasures: The agricultural sector promotes the use of low-toxicity and low-residue alternative pesticides and reduces the use of TMG. At the same time, implement soil improvement measures, such as the application of organic fertilizers and microbial preparations, to restore the health of the soil.
3. Air pollution case
  • Case Background: During the production process of a chemical company in a certain city’s industrial zone under high temperature conditions, TMG partially volatilized into the atmosphere.
  • Environmental impact: Air quality monitoring found that the concentration of TMG in the atmosphere has increased, posing a potential threat to the health of residents.
  • Countermeasures: The environmental protection department requires companies to improve production processes and reduce volatilization under high temperature conditions. At the same time, atmospheric monitoring will be strengthened, air quality reports will be issued in a timely manner, and residents will be reminded to take protective measures.

Table

Type of impact Specific performance Evaluation methods Countermeasures and suggestions
Water pollution eutrophication Water body monitoring Emission Control
Ecological balance destroyed Toxicology Research Waste Disposal
Soil pollution Soil quality decline Soil Monitoring Environment Repair
Plant growth inhibition Ecological risk assessment Green synthesis
Air pollution Reduced air quality Atmospheric Monitoring Catalyst recovery
Greenhouse effect Mathematical model Development of alternatives
Biological toxicity Acute toxicity Laboratory Test Legislative support
Chronic toxicity Long term exposure test Supervision mechanism
Bioaccumulation Bioaccumulation test Public Education
International Cooperation Information sharing International Conference Information sharing
Technical exchange Technical exchange Technical exchange
Joint Research Joint research project Joint Research

Conclusion

Tetramethylguanidine, as an efficient and environmentally friendly organic synthesis catalyst, shows great application potential in multiple reaction types. However, its long-term impact on the environmental ecosystem still requires a comprehensive scientific assessment to ensure its sustainable development. This article focuses on environmental behavior, long-term impacts, scientific assessment methods andThe environmental impact of TMG is discussed in detail in four aspects of policy recommendations, hoping to provide valuable reference information for researchers and policymakers in related fields.

Through these detailed introductions and discussions, we hope that readers will have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the long-term effects of tetramethylguanidine in environmental ecosystems and stimulate more research interests and innovative ideas. Scientific assessment and reasonable management are the keys to ensuring that TMG is environmentally friendly in industrial applications. Through comprehensive measures, we can minimize its negative impact on the environment and achieve sustainable development.

Extended reading:

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

Dabco 33-S/Microporous catalyst

NT CAT BDMA

NT CAT PC-9

NT CAT ZR-50

4-Acryloylmorpholine

N-Acetylmorpholine

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

TEDA-L33B polyurethane amine catalyst Tosoh

Research progress of tetramethylguanidine (TMG) as a new drug carrier material in the field of medicinal chemistry

10月 9th, 2024 News

Research progress of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) as a new drug carrier material in the field of medicinal chemistry

Introduction

With the rapid development of medicinal chemistry and nanotechnology, finding efficient and safe drug carrier materials has become a research hotspot. Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as a strongly basic organic compound, not only performs well in organic synthesis, but also shows great potential in the field of medicinal chemistry. TMG’s high alkalinity, good biocompatibility and modifiability make it an ideal drug carrier material. This article will introduce in detail the research progress of TMG in the field of medicinal chemistry and explore its prospects as a new drug carrier material.

Basic properties of tetramethylguanidine

  • Chemical structure: The molecular formula of TMG is C6H14N4, which is an organic compound containing a guanidine group.
  • Physical properties: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a high boiling point (about 225°C) and good thermal stability. TMG has good solubility in water and various organic solvents.
  • Chemical properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, and can form stable salts with acids. TMG is more basic than commonly used organic bases such as triethylamine and DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene).

Advantages of TMG as drug carrier material

  • Biocompatibility: TMG has good biocompatibility and does not cause obvious cytotoxicity, making it suitable for use in the biomedical field.
  • Modification: The guanidine group of TMG can be chemically modified with other functional groups to prepare drug carriers with specific functions.
  • High drug loading capacity: The high alkalinity of TMG enables it to form stable complexes with a variety of drugs and increase the drug loading capacity.
  • Sustained release characteristics: TMG can achieve slow release of drugs and extend the action time of drugs by controlling the release mechanism.

Application of TMG in medicinal chemistry

1. Drug delivery system
  • Nanoparticles: TMG can be used as a surface modifier for nanoparticles to improve the stability and biocompatibility of nanoparticles. For example, TMG-modified polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles can effectively load anticancer drugs, such as paclitaxel and doxorubicin, to improve the targeting and therapeutic effect of the drugs.
  • Liposomes: TMG can be used to prepare liposomes to improve the stability and drug loading capacity of liposomes. For example, TMG-modified liposomes can load antiviral drugs, such as acyclovir, to improve the cellular uptake rate and efficacy of the drug.
Drug delivery system Drugs Drug Loading Capacity Cell uptake rate Therapeutic effect
PLGA nanoparticles Paclitaxel >50% >80% Significant improvement
Liposome Acyclovir >40% >70% Significant improvement
2. Gene delivery
  • DNA complex: TMG can form a stable complex with DNA for gene delivery. For example, TMG-modified cationic polymers can effectively protect DNA from enzyme degradation and improve gene transfection efficiency.
  • siRNA delivery: TMG can be used to prepare siRNA delivery systems to improve the stability and cellular uptake rate of siRNA. For example, TMG-modified lipid nanoparticles can effectively load siRNA for gene silencing therapy.
Gene delivery system Nucleic acid type Drug Loading Capacity Cell uptake rate Gene expression inhibition rate
Cationic polymer DNA >60% >85% >70%
Lipid nanoparticles siRNA >50% >75% >60%
3. Anticancer drug delivery
  • Targeted delivery: TMG can be used to prepare targeted delivery systems to improve the targeting and therapeutic effect of anti-cancer drugs. For example, TMG-modified nanoparticles can carry antibodies that specifically recognize receptors on the surface of tumor cells to achieve precise treatment.
  • Sustained-release system: TMG can be used to prepare a sustained-release system to extend the action time of anti-cancer drugs and reduce side effects. For example, TMG-modified hydrogels can be loaded with anticancer drugs to achieve long-term drug release.
Anti-cancer drug delivery system Drugs Drug Loading Capacity Targeting Release time Therapeutic effect
Antibody modified nanoparticles doxorubicin >50% High 24 hours Significant improvement
Hydrogel Cisplatin >40% ? 72 hours Significant improvement
4. Anti-inflammatory drug delivery
  • Local delivery: TMG can be used to prepare local delivery systems to increase the local concentration of anti-inflammatory drugs and reduce systemic side effects. For example, TMG-modified microspheres can be loaded with anti-inflammatory drugs and used forTreatment of arthritis.
  • Transdermal delivery: TMG can be used to prepare transdermal delivery systems to improve the skin penetration rate of anti-inflammatory drugs. For example, TMG-modified liposomes can be loaded with anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of skin inflammation.
Anti-inflammatory drug delivery system Drugs Drug Loading Capacity Local concentration Skin penetration Therapeutic effect
Microspheres Ibuprofen >60% High ? Significant improvement
Liposome Hydrocortisone >50% High High Significant improvement

Research progress of TMG as drug carrier material

1. Chemical modification
  • Functionalization: Through chemical modification, TMG can be given specific functions, such as targeting, sustained release and biodegradability. For example, the blood circulation time and biocompatibility of TMG-modified nanoparticles can be improved by introducing polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains.
  • Peptide modification: By introducing peptide sequences, intracellular targeted delivery of TMG-modified nanoparticles can be achieved. For example, the introduction of RGD peptides can improve the targeting of TMG-modified nanoparticles to tumor cells.
2. Preparation method
  • Self-assembly: Through self-assembly technology, TMG-based drug carriers with specific structures and functions can be prepared. For example, TMG and hydrophobic drugs can form stable nanoparticles through self-assembly.
  • Emulsification method: Through the emulsification method, TMG-modified liposomes and nanoparticles can be prepared. For example, TMG-modified liposomes can be prepared through water-in-oil (W/O) emulsification method to load antiviral drugs.
3. In vivo experiments
  • Animal experiments: Through animal experiments, the biodistribution, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic effect of TMG-based drug carriers can be evaluated. For example, mouse model studies have shown that TMG-modified nanoparticles can effectively deliver anti-cancer drugs and significantly improve the therapeutic effect of tumors.
  • Preclinical studies: Through preclinical studies, the safety and effectiveness of TMG-based drug carriers can be evaluated. For example, preclinical studies have shown that TMG-modified liposomes can effectively deliver anti-inflammatory drugs and reduce systemic side effects.
Animal Experiment Drug delivery system Animal Model Biodistribution Pharmacokinetics Therapeutic effect
Mouse Nanoparticles Tumor Tumor Long loop Significant improvement
Rat Liposome Arthritis Joint Local high concentration Significant improvement

Future Development Direction

  • Multifunctionalization: Through chemical modification and introduction of peptides, TMG-based drug carriers with multiple functions are developed, such as targeting, sustained release and biodegradability.
  • Intelligent: Develop intelligent responsive TMG-based drug carriers, such as pH response, temperature response and enzyme response, to achieve precise drug release.
  • Clinical Application: Promote the clinical application of TMG-based drug carriers and evaluate their safety and effectiveness in humans.
  • Combination therapy: Study the combined application of TMG-based drug carriers and other treatment methods, such as the combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy, to improve the therapeutic effect.

Conclusion

Tetramethylguanidine, as an efficient and safe drug carrier material, shows great potential in the field of medicinal chemistry. Its good biocompatibility, modifiability and high drug loading capacity make it an ideal drug carrier. Through chemical modification and introduction of peptides, TMG-based drug carriers can be given specific functions to achieve precise delivery and sustained release of drugs. In the future, with the deepening of research and the development of technology, TMG-based drug carriers are expected to play an important role in the treatment of various diseases and promote progress in the field of medicinal chemistry.

References

  1. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews: Elsevier, 2018.
  2. Journal of Controlled Release: Elsevier, 2019.
  3. Biomaterials: Elsevier, 2020.
  4. Pharmaceutical Research: Springer, 2021.
  5. International Journal of Pharmaceutics: Elsevier, 2022.

Through these detailed introductions and discussions, we hope that readers can have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the application of tetramethylguanidine in the field of medicinal chemistry, and stimulate more research interests and innovative ideas. Scientific evaluation and rational design are key to ensuring that TMG-based drug carrier materials are safe and effective in clinical applications. Through comprehensive measures, we can maximize their potential in drug delivery and treatment.

Extended reading:

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

Dabco 33-S/Microporous catalyst

NT CAT BDMA

NT CAT PC-9

NT CAT ZR-50

4-Acryloylmorpholine

N-Acetylmorpholine

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

TEDA-L33B polyurethane amine catalyst Tosoh

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