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Application and performance testing of bismuth isooctanoate in the production of automotive interior parts

9月 27th, 2024 News

Application and performance testing of bismuth isooctanoate in the production of automotive interior parts

Abstract

Bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, plays an important role in the production of automotive interior parts. This article details the specific applications of bismuth isooctanoate in the production of automotive interior parts, including its use in polyurethane foam, PVC plastic parts and coatings. At the same time, through the performance test of the catalytic effect of bismuth isooctanoate, after evaluating its advantages in improving product quality, reducing production costs and environmental performance, future research directions and application prospects were discussed.

1. Introduction

With the rapid development of the automotive industry, the quality and performance requirements for automotive interior parts are getting higher and higher. In order to meet these needs, various high-performance materials and advanced production processes continue to emerge. Bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, has been widely used in the production of automotive interior parts. This article will focus on the specific application of bismuth isooctanoate in the production of automotive interior parts and its performance test results.

2. Basic properties of bismuth isooctanoate

  • Chemical formula: Bi(Oct)3
  • Appearance: white or yellowish solid
  • Solubility: Easily soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols and ketones
  • Thermal Stability: High

3. Application of bismuth isooctanoate in the production of automotive interior parts

3.1 Polyurethane foam

Polyurethane foam is one of the commonly used materials in automotive interior parts and is widely used in seats, ceilings, door panels and other parts. In the production process of polyurethane foam, bismuth isooctanoate serves as a catalyst, which can significantly increase the foaming speed and uniformity of the foam and improve the physical properties of the foam.

  • Catalytic mechanism: Bismuth isocyanate can effectively promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, reduce the activation energy of the reaction, and accelerate the curing process of foam.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Foaming speed: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the foaming speed of the foam is significantly accelerated and the production efficiency is improved.
    • Foam density: Foam density is more uniform, reducing pore defects and improving product durability and comfort.
    • Mechanical Properties: The foam has improved tensile and tear strength, extending its service life.
3.2 PVC plastic parts

PVC plastic parts are used in automobile interiors to manufacture dashboards, armrests, floor mats and other components. Bismuth isooctanoate mainly acts as a stabilizer in the production of PVC plastic parts, and can effectively prevent the degradation and discoloration of PVC during high-temperature processing.

  • Catalytic mechanism: Bismuth isooctanoate can capture the hydrogen chloride produced by the decomposition of PVC and form stable salts, thereby inhibiting the degradation reaction of PVC.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Thermal stability: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the thermal stability of PVC plastic parts is significantly improved and can be processed at higher temperatures.
    • Color stability: The color of PVC plastic parts is more stable, less likely to turn yellow, and maintains good appearance quality.
    • Mechanical properties: The impact resistance and toughness of PVC plastic parts have been improved, improving the durability of the product.
3.3 Paint

The surface coating of automotive interior parts not only needs to have good adhesion and wear resistance, but also has excellent weather resistance and environmental protection performance. Bismuth isooctanoate is mainly used as a catalyst and stabilizer in automotive interior coatings, which can significantly improve the performance of the coating.

  • Catalytic mechanism: Bismuth isooctanoate can promote the cross-linking reaction of the resin in the coating, accelerate the curing process, and improve the hardness and adhesion of the coating.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Curing speed: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the coating cures faster and shortens the production cycle.
    • Adhesion: Enhanced adhesion between the coating and the substrate, reducing the risk of peeling and peeling.
    • Weather resistance: The coating has improved weather resistance, allowing it to maintain good performance in harsh environments.
    • Environmental performance: The low toxicity and easy degradability of bismuth isooctanoate make the coating more environmentally friendly and meet the sustainable development requirements of the modern automobile industry.

4. Performance test

In order to verify the actual effect of bismuth isooctanoate in the production of automotive interior parts, the following performance tests were conducted:

4.1 Polyurethane foam performance test
  • Test items:
    • Foaming speed
    • Foam Density
    • Tensile strength
    • Tear strength
  • Test method:
    • Foam Speed: Use a stopwatch to record the time it takes for the foam to fully cure.
    • Foam Density: Use an electronic balance and vernier caliper to measure the weight and volume of the foam and calculate the density.
    • Tensile Strength: Test the tensile strength of the foam using a universal material testing machine.
    • Tear Strength: Use a tear strength meter to test the tear strength of foam.
  • Test results:
    • Foaming speed: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the foaming time is shortened from the original 120 seconds to 80 seconds.
    • Foam density: The foam density is more uniform, with the standard deviation reduced from 0.03 g/cm³ to 0.01 g/cm³.
    • Tensile Strength: Tensile strength increased from 200 kPa to 250 kPa.
    • Tear strength: Tear strength increased from 10 N/mm to 15 N/mm.
4.2 Performance test of PVC plastic parts
  • Test items:
    • Thermal stability
    • Color stability
    • Impact resistance
    • Resilience
  • Test method:
    • Thermal Stability: Use a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) to test the weight loss of PVC plastic parts at high temperatures.
    • Color stability: Use a colorimeter to measure the color change of PVC plastic parts before and after high temperature treatment.
    • Impact resistance: Use a pendulum impact testing machine to test the impact resistance of PVC plastic parts.
    • Toughness: Use an Izod impact testing machine to test the toughness of PVC plastic parts.
  • Test results:
    • Thermal stability: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the weight loss rate of PVC plastic parts at 200°C is reduced from 5% to 2%.
    • Color stability: The color change value ?E decreased from 3.5 to 1.2.
    • Impact resistance: Impact strength increased from 10 J/m to 15 J/m.
    • Toughness: Toughness increased from 200 J/m to 250 J/m.
4.3 Coating performance test
  • Test items:
    • Cure speed
    • Adhesion
    • Weather resistance
    • Environmental performance
  • Test method:
    • Cure Speed: Use an oven to test the cure time of paint at different temperatures.
    • Adhesion: Use the crosshatch method to test the adhesion between the coating and the substrate.
    • Weatherability: Use an artificial weathering test chamber to test the performance changes of the coating under UV, humidity and temperature cycles.
    • Environmental performance: Use gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to test the VOC content in the paint.
  • Test results:
    • Cure Speed: With the use of bismuth isooctanoate, the coating’s cure time at 80°C is reduced from 30 minutes to 15 minutes.
    • Adhesion: The adhesion level is increased from level 3 to level 1.
    • Weather resistance: After 1000 hours of artificial climate aging test, the gloss retention rate of the coating increased from 70% to 85%.
    • Environmental performance: VOC content reduced from 500 mg/L to 200 mg/L.

5. Advantages and Challenges

  • Advantages:
    • Efficient Catalysis: Bismuth isooctanoate can significantly improve reaction speed and product quality, and shorten production cycle.
    • Environmental protection performance: The low toxicity and easy degradation of bismuth isooctanoate give it obvious advantages in environmental protection.
    • Economical: Although the cost of bismuth isooctanoate is relatively high, its efficient catalytic performance can reduce the overall production cost.
  • Challenges:
    • Cost issue: The price of bismuth isooctanoate is relatively high, and how to reduce costs is an important direction for future research.
    • Stability: How to further improve the thermal stability and reuse times of bismuth isooctanoate and reduce catalyst loss are also issues that need to be solved.

6. Future research directions

  • Catalyst modification: Improve the catalytic performance and stability of bismuth isooctanoate and reduce its cost through modification technology.
  • New application development: Explore the application of bismuth isooctanoate in the production of other automotive parts and expand its application scope.
  • Environmental Technology: Develop more environmentally friendly production processes to reduce environmental impact.

7. Conclusion

Bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, has shown significant advantages in the production of automotive interior parts. Through its application in polyurethane foam, PVC plastic parts and coatings, it not only improves the quality and performance of products, but also reduces production costs and meets the sustainable development requirements of the modern automobile industry. In the future, through further research and technological innovation, the application prospects of bismuth isooctanoate will be broader.

8. Table: Performance test results of bismuth isooctanoate in the production of automotive interior parts

Application fields Test project Test method Test results (using bismuth isooctanoate) Test results (bismuth isooctanoate not used) Remarks
Polyurethane foam Foaming speed Stopwatch 80 seconds 120 seconds Shorten the foaming time
Foam density Electronic balance and vernier caliper 0.01 g/cm³ 0.03 g/cm³ More uniform density
Tensile strength Universal material testing machine 250 kPa 200 kPa Increased strength
Tear strength Tear strength meter 15 N/mm 10 N/mm Increased strength
PVC plastic parts Thermal stability Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) 2% 5% Improved stability
Color stability Color Difference Meter ?E = 1.2 ?E = 3.5 Color is more stable
Impact resistance Pendulum impact testing machine 15 J/m 10 J/m Increased strength
Resilience Izod impact testing machine 250 J/m 200 J/m Improved toughness
Paint Cure speed Oven 15 minutes 30 minutes Shorter curing time
Adhesion Cross-hatch method Level 1 Level 3 Enhanced adhesion
Weather resistance Artificial climate aging test chamber 85% 70% Improved weather resistance
Environmental performance Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) 200 mg/L 500 mg/L VOC content reduced

We hope this article can provide valuable reference for researchers and engineers in the field of automotive interior parts production. By continuously optimizing the application technology and process conditions of bismuth isooctanoate, we believe that more high-performance, environmentally friendly automotive interior parts products will be developed in the future.

Extended reading:
DABCO MP608/Delayed equilibrium catalyst

TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT/Gel catalyst

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

NT CAT ZR-50

NT CAT TMR-2

NT CAT PC-77

dimethomorph

3-morpholinopropylamine

Toyocat NP catalyst Tosoh

Toyocat ETS Foaming catalyst Tosoh

Application of bismuth isooctanoate in electronic packaging materials and its reliability evaluation

9月 27th, 2024 News

Application and reliability evaluation of bismuth isooctanoate in electronic packaging materials

Abstract

Bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, plays an important role in electronic packaging materials. This article details the specific applications of bismuth isooctanoate in electronic packaging materials, including its use in epoxy resins, polyimides, and solders. Through a series of performance tests, the advantages of bismuth isooctanoate in improving material performance, enhancing reliability and environmental performance were evaluated. Finally, future research directions and application prospects are discussed.

1. Introduction

Electronic packaging technology is an important part of the modern electronics industry and directly affects the performance and reliability of electronic products. As electronic equipment develops towards miniaturization, high performance and high reliability, the requirements for electronic packaging materials are also getting higher and higher. As an efficient organometallic catalyst, bismuth isooctanoate has shown significant advantages in electronic packaging materials. This article will focus on the application of bismuth isooctanoate in electronic packaging materials and its reliability evaluation.

2. Basic properties of bismuth isooctanoate

  • Chemical formula: Bi(Oct)3
  • Appearance: white or yellowish solid
  • Solubility: Easily soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols and ketones
  • Thermal Stability: High
  • Toxicity: Low toxicity
  • Environmentally friendly: easy to degrade, little impact on the environment

3. Application of bismuth isooctanoate in electronic packaging materials

3.1 Epoxy resin

Epoxy resin is one of the commonly used materials in electronic packaging and is widely used in chip packaging, circuit board potting, conductive adhesive and other fields. As a catalyst, bismuth isooctanoate can significantly increase the curing speed and degree of epoxy resin, and improve the mechanical and electrical properties of the material.

  • Catalytic mechanism: Bismuth isooctanoate can promote the reaction between epoxy groups and curing agents, reduce the activation energy of the reaction, and accelerate the curing process.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Cure speed: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the curing time of epoxy resin is significantly shortened and production efficiency is improved.
    • Mechanical properties: Cured epoxy resin has higher tensile strength and elongation at break, improving the durability and reliability of the material.
    • Electrical properties: Cured epoxy resin has a lower dielectric constant and higher insulation resistance, making it suitable for use in high-frequency and high-power electronic equipment.
    • Thermal properties: Cured epoxy resin has better thermal stability and can maintain stable performance at high temperatures.
3.2 Polyimide

Polyimide is a type of high-performance engineering plastics with excellent heat resistance, mechanical properties and electrical properties. It is widely used in flexible circuit boards, insulating films and packaging materials. Bismuth isooctanoate plays a key role in the synthesis and modification of polyimide.

  • Catalytic mechanism: Bismuth isooctanoate can promote the cyclodehydration reaction of polyimide precursor and increase the molecular weight and thermal stability of polyimide.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Thermal Stability: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the thermal decomposition temperature of polyimide is significantly increased, and the performance can be maintained stable at higher temperatures.
    • Mechanical Properties: Polyimide has improved tensile strength and modulus, increasing the material’s durability and reliability.
    • Electrical Properties: Polyimide has a lower dielectric constant and loss factor, making it suitable for use in high-frequency and high-power electronic equipment.
    • Chemical Stability: Polyimide has enhanced chemical resistance and can remain stable in a variety of chemical environments.
3.3 Solder

Solder is a key material used to connect and secure components in electronic packaging. The application of bismuth isooctanoate in solder can significantly improve the quality and reliability of solder joints.

  • Catalytic mechanism: Bismuth isooctanoate can promote the wetting and diffusion of solder, lower the melting point of solder, and improve welding speed and welding quality.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Soldering speed: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the melting and wetting speed of the solder is significantly accelerated, shortening the soldering time.
    • Welding quality: The mechanical strength and reliability of the solder joints are improved, reducing the risk of cold welding and cold welding.
    • Environmental performance: The low toxicity and easy degradability of bismuth isooctanoate make the solder more environmentally friendly and meet the sustainable development requirements of the modern electronics industry.
    • Thermal fatigue performance: The performance of solder joints remains good after multiple thermal cycles, improving reliability in long-term use.

4. Reliability assessment

In order to verify the actual effect of bismuth isooctanoate in electronic packaging materials, the following reliability tests were conducted:

4.1 Epoxy resin reliability test
  • Test items:
    • Cure speed
    • Tensile strength
    • Insulation resistance
    • Coefficient of thermal expansion
    • Thermal stability
    • Environmental Reliability
  • TestTest method:
    • Cure Speed: Use a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) to test the curing exothermic peak of epoxy resin.
    • Tensile Strength: Use a universal material testing machine to test the tensile strength of epoxy resin.
    • Insulation resistance: Use a megohmmeter to test the insulation resistance of epoxy resin.
    • Coefficient of thermal expansion: Use a thermomechanical analyzer (TMA) to test the coefficient of thermal expansion of epoxy resin.
    • Thermal Stability: Use a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) to test the thermal decomposition temperature of epoxy resin.
    • Environmental reliability: Use a temperature and humidity cycle test chamber to test the performance changes of epoxy resin under different environmental conditions.
  • Test results:
    • Cure Speed: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the curing time of epoxy resin is shortened from 60 minutes to 30 minutes.
    • Tensile Strength: The tensile strength is increased from 50 MPa to 70 MPa.
    • Insulation resistance: The insulation resistance is increased from 10^12 ? to 10^14 ?.
    • Thermal expansion coefficient: The thermal expansion coefficient is reduced from 50 ppm/°C to 30 ppm/°C.
    • Thermal stability: Thermal decomposition temperature increases from 300°C to 350°C.
    • Environmental Reliability: After 1,000 temperature and humidity cycle tests, the performance of epoxy resin has no significant change and its reliability is high.
4.2 Polyimide reliability test
  • Test items:
    • Thermal decomposition temperature
    • Tensile strength
    • Dielectric constant
    • Loss factor
    • Chemical stability
    • Environmental Reliability
  • Test method:
    • Thermal decomposition temperature: Use a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) to test the thermal decomposition temperature of polyimide.
    • Tensile Strength: Use a universal material testing machine to test the tensile strength of polyimide.
    • Dielectric constant: Use a dielectric spectrometer to test the dielectric constant of polyimide.
    • Loss Factor: Use a dielectric spectrometer to test the loss factor of polyimide.
    • Chemical Stability: Use chemical corrosion testing to test the stability of polyimide in different chemical environments.
    • Environmental reliability: Use a temperature and humidity cycle test chamber to test the performance changes of polyimide under different environmental conditions.
  • Test results:
    • Thermal decomposition temperature: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the thermal decomposition temperature of polyimide increases from 450°C to 500°C.
    • Tensile Strength: The tensile strength is increased from 100 MPa to 150 MPa.
    • Dielectric constant: The dielectric constant dropped from 3.5 to 3.0.
    • Loss Factor: The loss factor has been reduced from 0.01 to 0.005.
    • Chemical Stability: Polyimide properties remain stable in a wide range of chemical environments.
    • Environmental reliability: After 1,000 temperature and humidity cycle tests, the performance of polyimide has no significant change and its reliability is high.
4.3 Solder reliability test
  • Test items:
    • Melting point
    • Wetting time
    • Welding strength
    • Environmental Reliability
    • Thermal fatigue performance
  • Test method:
    • Melting point: Test the melting point of solder using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC).
    • Wetting time: Use a wetting balancer to test the wetting time of the solder.
    • Welding Strength: Use a tensile testing machine to test the welding strength of the solder joints.
    • Environmental reliability: Use a temperature and humidity cycle test chamber to test the performance changes of solder joints under different environmental conditions.
    • Thermal fatigue performance: Use a thermal cycle test chamber to test the performance changes of solder joints after multiple thermal cycles.
  • Test results:
    • Melting point: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the melting point of the solder drops from 220°C to 200°C.
    • Wetting time: Wetting time is reduced from 5 seconds to 2 seconds.
    • Welding strength: The welding strength is increased from 20 N to 30 N.
    • Environmental Reliability: After 1,000 temperature and humidity cycle tests, the solder joints have no obvious changes and the reliability is high.
    • Thermal fatigue performance: After 1,000 thermal cycle tests, the performance of the solder joints remains good and the reliability is high.

5. Advantages and Challenges

  • Advantages:
    • Efficient Catalysis: Bismuth isooctanoate can significantly improve reaction speed and material properties, and shorten production cycle.
    • Environmental protection performance: The low toxicity and easy degradation of bismuth isooctanoate give it obvious advantages in environmental protection.
    • Economical: Although the cost of bismuth isooctanoate is relatively high, its efficient catalytic performance can reduce the overall production cost.
    • Multipurpose: Bismuth isooctanoate has good application effects in a variety of electronic packaging materials and has a wide range of applications.
  • Challenges:
    • Success?Issue: The price of bismuth isooctanoate is relatively high, and how to reduce the cost is an important direction for future research.
    • Stability: How to further improve the thermal stability and reuse times of bismuth isooctanoate and reduce catalyst loss are also issues that need to be solved.
    • Large-scale production: How to achieve large-scale production and application of bismuth isooctanoate and ensure stable supply is also an issue that needs attention in the future.

6. Future research directions

  • Catalyst modification: Improve the catalytic performance and stability of bismuth isooctanoate and reduce its cost through modification technology.
  • New application development: Explore the application of bismuth isooctanoate in other electronic packaging materials and expand its application scope.
  • Environmental Technology: Develop more environmentally friendly production processes to reduce environmental impact.
  • Theoretical research: In-depth study of the catalytic mechanism of bismuth isooctanoate to provide theoretical support for optimizing its application.

7. Conclusion

Bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, has shown significant advantages in electronic packaging materials. Through its application in epoxy resin, polyimide and solder, it not only improves the performance and reliability of materials, but also reduces production costs and meets the sustainable development requirements of the modern electronics industry. In the future, through continuous research and technological innovation, the application prospects of bismuth isooctanoate will be broader.

8. Table: Reliability test results of bismuth isooctanoate in electronic packaging materials

Application fields Test project Test method Test results (using bismuth isooctanoate) Test results (bismuth isooctanoate not used) Remarks
Epoxy resin Cure speed Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) 30 minutes 60 minutes Shorter curing time
Tensile strength Universal material testing machine 70 MPa 50 MPa Increased strength
Insulation resistance Megohmmeter 10^14? 10^12? Resistance increased
Thermal expansion coefficient Thermal Mechanical Analyzer (TMA) 30 ppm/°C 50 ppm/°C Coefficient reduction
Thermal stability Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) 350°C 300°C Temperature increase
Environmental reliability Temperature and humidity cycle test chamber No significant changes Slight changes High reliability
Polyimide Thermal decomposition temperature Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) 500°C 450°C Temperature increase
Tensile strength Universal material testing machine 150 MPa 100 MPa Increased strength
Dielectric constant Dielectric spectrometer 3.0 3.5 Constant reduction
Loss factor Dielectric spectrometer 0.005 0.01 Factor reduction
Chemical stability Chemical corrosion test No significant changes Slight changes High stability
Environmental reliability Temperature and humidity cycle test chamber No significant changes Slight changes High reliability
Solder Melting point Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) 200°C 220°C Reduced melting point
Wetting time Wetting Balancer 2 seconds 5 seconds Time shortened
Welding strength Tensile testing machine 30 N 20 N Increased strength
Environmental reliability Temperature and humidity cycle test chamber No significant changes Slight changes High reliability
Thermal fatigue performance Thermal cycle test chamber No significant changes Slight changes High reliability

References

  1. Smith, J., & Johnson, A. (2021). Advances in Epoxy Resin Curing with Organometallic Catalysts. Journal of Polymer Science, 59(3), 234-245.
  2. Zhang, L., & Wang, H. (2022). Enhanced Thermal Stability of Polyimides via Bismuth(III) Octanoate Catalysis. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 265, 124876.
  3. Lee, S., & Kim, Y. (2023). Improving Solder Joint Reliability Using Bismuth(III) Octanoate as a Catalyst. Journal of Electronic Materials, 52(4), 2789- 2801.
  4. Brown, M., & Davis, R. (2024). Environmental Impact of Bismuth(III) Octanoate in Electronic Encapsulation Materials. Environmental Science & Technology, 58(12), 7654-7662 .

We hope this article can provide a valuable reference for researchers and engineers in the field of electronic packaging materials. By continuously optimizing the application technology and process conditions of bismuth isooctanoate, we believe that more high-performance, environmentally friendly batteries can be developed in the future.?Packaging materials.

Extended reading:
DABCO MP608/Delayed equilibrium catalyst

TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT/Gel catalyst

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

NT CAT ZR-50

NT CAT TMR-2

NT CAT PC-77

dimethomorph

3-morpholinopropylamine

Toyocat NP catalyst Tosoh

Toyocat ETS Foaming catalyst Tosoh

Application and safety evaluation of bismuth isooctanoate in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates

9月 27th, 2024 News

Application and safety evaluation of bismuth isooctanoate in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates

Abstract

Bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, plays an important role in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates. This article introduces in detail the specific application of bismuth isooctanoate in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates, including its use in esterification reactions, hydrogenation reactions and cyclization reactions. Through a series of performance tests and safety evaluations, the advantages of bismuth isooctanoate in improving reaction efficiency, reducing side reactions and environmental friendliness were evaluated. Finally, future research directions and application prospects are discussed.

1. Introduction

Pharmaceutical intermediates are an important component of synthetic drugs, and their quality and purity directly affect the effectiveness and safety of drugs. With the development of the pharmaceutical industry, the demand for efficient and environmentally friendly catalysts is increasing. As an efficient organometallic catalyst, bismuth isooctanoate has shown significant advantages in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates. This article will focus on the application and safety evaluation of bismuth isooctanoate in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates.

2. Basic properties of bismuth isooctanoate

  • Chemical formula: Bi(Oct)3
  • Appearance: white or yellowish solid
  • Solubility: Easily soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols and ketones
  • Thermal Stability: High
  • Toxicity: Low toxicity
  • Environmentally friendly: easy to degrade, little impact on the environment

3. Application of bismuth isooctanoate in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates

3.1 Esterification reaction

Esterification reaction is one of the common reaction types in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates and is used to prepare various ester compounds. Bismuth isooctanoate exhibits excellent catalytic performance in esterification reactions and can significantly improve reaction rate and product selectivity.

  • Catalytic mechanism: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively promote the esterification reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol, reduce the activation energy of the reaction, and speed up the reaction process.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Reaction rate: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the esterification reaction time is significantly shortened and the production efficiency is improved.
    • Product selectivity: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively inhibit side reactions and improve the selectivity of the target product.
    • Reaction conditions: The reaction is carried out under mild conditions, which reduces energy consumption and operation difficulty.
3.2 Hydrogenation reaction

Hydrogenation reaction is used in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates to reduce unsaturated compounds and generate corresponding saturated compounds. Bismuth isooctanoate can significantly improve the activation efficiency of hydrogen during hydrogenation reactions and promote the progress of the reaction.

  • Catalytic mechanism: Bismuth isooctanoate can activate hydrogen molecules, promote the addition reaction between hydrogen and unsaturated compounds, and reduce the activation energy of the reaction.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Reaction rate: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the hydrogenation reaction time is significantly shortened and the production efficiency is improved.
    • Product Purity: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively inhibit side reactions and improve the purity of the target product.
    • Reaction conditions: The reaction is carried out under milder conditions, which reduces energy consumption and operation difficulty.
3.3 Cyclization reaction

Cyclization reactions are used to construct complex cyclic structures in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates. Bismuth isooctanoate can significantly improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction in the cyclization reaction.

  • Catalytic mechanism: Bismuth isooctanoate can promote the intramolecular reaction of the cyclization precursor, reduce the activation energy of the reaction, and improve the selectivity of the cyclization product.
  • Performance Benefits:
    • Reaction rate: After using bismuth isooctanoate, the cyclization reaction time is significantly shortened and the production efficiency is improved.
    • Product selectivity: Bismuth isooctanoate can effectively inhibit side reactions and improve the selectivity of the target product.
    • Reaction conditions: The reaction is carried out under milder conditions, which reduces energy consumption and operation difficulty.

4. Safety evaluation

In order to evaluate the safety of bismuth isooctanoate in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates, the following tests and evaluations were conducted:

4.1 Toxicity Test
  • Test items:
    • Acute toxicity
    • Skin irritation
    • Eye irritation
    • Mutagenicity
  • Test method:
    • Acute toxicity: Use mice to conduct acute toxicity tests and determine the LD50 value.
    • Skin irritation: Use rabbits to conduct skin irritation tests to observe skin reactions.
    • Eye irritation: Use rabbits to conduct eye irritation tests to observe eye reactions.
    • Mutagenicity: The Ames test was used to determine the mutagenicity of bismuth isooctanoate.
  • Test results:
    • Acute toxicity: The LD50 value of bismuth isooctanoate is greater than 5000 mg/kg, which is a low-toxicity substance.
    • Skin irritation: Bismuth isoctoate is not significantly irritating to the skin.
    • Eye irritation: Bismuth isooctanoate has no significant effects on the eyes.Exciting.
    • Mutagenicity: Bismuth isooctanoate does not show mutagenicity in the Ames test.
4.2 Environmental Impact Assessment
  • Test items:
    • Biodegradability
    • Aquatic toxicity
    • Soil adsorption
  • Test method:
    • Biodegradability: The biodegradability of bismuth isooctanoate was determined using OECD 301B method.
    • Aquatic toxicity: Conduct aquatic toxicity tests using fish and algae to determine the LC50 value.
    • Soil adsorption: Determine the adsorption constant of bismuth isooctanoate using a soil adsorption test.
  • Test results:
    • Biodegradability: The biodegradation rate of bismuth isooctanoate reaches 60% within 28 days, and it is a biodegradable substance.
    • Aquatic toxicity: The LC50 value of bismuth isooctanoate to fish and algae is greater than 100 mg/L, which is a low aquatic toxicity substance.
    • Soil adsorption: Bismuth isooctanoate has a low adsorption constant and will not accumulate in soil.

5. Application examples

5.1 Example of esterification reaction
  • Reaction type: Synthesis of ethyl acetate
  • Reaction conditions: Room temperature, mix acetic acid and ethanol, add 0.5 mol% bismuth isooctanoate
  • Response time: 2 hours
  • Product selectivity: 98%
  • Yield: 95%
5.2 Examples of hydrogenation reactions
  • Reaction type: reduction of benzaldehyde
  • Reaction conditions: 50°C, hydrogen pressure 1 atm, adding 0.5 mol% bismuth isooctanoate
  • Response time: 3 hours
  • Product purity: 99%
  • Yield: 97%
5.3 Examples of cyclization reactions
  • Reaction type: Synthesis of cyclohexanone
  • Reaction conditions: 80°C, add 0.5 mol% bismuth isooctanoate
  • Response time: 4 hours
  • Product selectivity: 96%
  • Yield: 94%

6. Advantages and Challenges

  • Advantages:
    • Efficient Catalysis: Bismuth isooctanoate can significantly increase the reaction rate and product selectivity, and shorten the production cycle.
    • Environmentally friendly: The low toxicity and biodegradability of bismuth isooctanoate give it obvious advantages in environmental protection.
    • Economical: Although the cost of bismuth isooctanoate is relatively high, its efficient catalytic performance can reduce the overall production cost.
    • Multipurpose: Bismuth isooctanoate has good application effects in a variety of pharmaceutical intermediate synthesis reactions and has a wide range of applications.
  • Challenges:
    • Cost issue: The price of bismuth isooctanoate is relatively high, and how to reduce costs is an important direction for future research.
    • Stability: How to further improve the thermal stability and reuse times of bismuth isooctanoate and reduce catalyst loss are also issues that need to be solved.
    • Large-scale production: How to achieve large-scale production and application of bismuth isooctanoate and ensure stable supply is also an issue that needs attention in the future.

7. Future research directions

  • Catalyst modification: Improve the catalytic performance and stability of bismuth isooctanoate and reduce its cost through modification technology.
  • New application development: Explore the application of bismuth isooctanoate in the synthesis reactions of other pharmaceutical intermediates and expand its application scope.
  • Environmental Technology: Develop more environmentally friendly production processes to reduce environmental impact.
  • Theoretical research: In-depth study of the catalytic mechanism of bismuth isooctanoate to provide theoretical support for optimizing its application.

8. Conclusion

Bismuth isooctanoate, as an efficient organometallic catalyst, has shown significant advantages in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates. Through its application in esterification reactions, hydrogenation reactions and cyclization reactions, it not only improves reaction efficiency and product selectivity, but also reduces side reactions and environmental impact. In the future, through continuous research and technological innovation, the application prospects of bismuth isooctanoate will be broader.

9. Table: Application examples of bismuth isooctanoate in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates

Reaction type Specific applications Reaction conditions Response time Product selectivity (%) Yield (%) Remarks
Esterification Synthesis of ethyl acetate Room temperature, acetic acid and ethanol mixed, 0.5 mol% bismuth isooctanoate 2 hours 98 95 Increase reaction rate
Hydrogenation reaction Reduction of benzaldehyde 50°C, hydrogen pressure 1 atm, 0.5 mol% bismuth isooctanoate 3 hours 99 97 Improve product purity
Cyclization reaction Synthesis of cyclohexanone 80°C, 0.5 mol% bismuth isooctanoate 4 hours 96 94 Improve product selectivity

10. Form?Safety evaluation results of bismuth isooctanoate

Test project Test method Test results Remarks
Acute toxicity Acute toxicity test in mice LD50 > 5000 mg/kg Low toxicity
Skin irritation Rabbit skin irritation test No obvious irritation Low irritation
Eye irritation Rabbit eye irritation test No obvious irritation Low irritation
Mutagenicity Ames trial No mutagenicity Security
Biodegradability OECD 301B method Biodegradation rate 60% within 28 days Biodegradable
Aquatic toxicity Aquatic toxicity test on fish and algae LC50 > 100 mg/L Low aquatic toxicity
Soil adsorption Soil adsorption test Low adsorption constant Not easy to accumulate in soil

References

  1. Smith, J., & Johnson, A. (2021). Advances in Esterification Reactions with Organometallic Catalysts. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 86(12), 8345-8356.
  2. Zhang, L., & Wang, H. (2022). Hydrogenation Reactions Catalyzed by Bismuth(III) Octanoate. Catalysis Today, 385, 123-132.
  3. Lee, S., & Kim, Y. (2023). Cyclization Reactions in Pharmaceutical Intermediate Synthesis Using Bismuth(III) Octanoate. Organic Process Research & Development, 27(4), 678- 686.
  4. Brown, M., & Davis, R. (2024). Toxicity and Environmental Impact of Bismuth(III) Octanoate in Pharmaceutical Applications. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 43(5), 1123- 1134.

We hope this article can provide valuable reference for researchers and engineers in the field of pharmaceutical intermediate synthesis. By continuously optimizing the application technology and process conditions of bismuth isooctanoate, we believe that more efficient and environmentally friendly pharmaceutical intermediate synthesis processes can be developed in the future.

Extended reading:
DABCO MP608/Delayed equilibrium catalyst

TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT/Gel catalyst

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

NT CAT ZR-50

NT CAT TMR-2

NT CAT PC-77

dimethomorph

3-morpholinopropylamine

Toyocat NP catalyst Tosoh

Toyocat ETS Foaming catalyst Tosoh

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