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Sustainable Chemistry Practices with DBU Phenolate (CAS 57671-19-9)

admin 3月 27th, 2025 News

Sustainable Chemistry Practices with DBU Phenolate (CAS 57671-19-9)

Introduction

In the ever-evolving landscape of chemistry, sustainability has become a cornerstone for innovation and progress. The pursuit of greener, more efficient, and environmentally friendly chemical processes is not just a trend; it’s a necessity. Among the myriad of compounds that have emerged as key players in this green revolution, DBU Phenolate (CAS 57671-19-9) stands out as a versatile and powerful tool. This article delves into the world of DBU Phenolate, exploring its properties, applications, and the sustainable practices that can be employed to maximize its potential while minimizing its environmental impact.

What is DBU Phenolate?

DBU Phenolate, formally known as 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene phenolate, is an organocatalyst that has gained significant attention in recent years. It is derived from the reaction of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) with phenol, resulting in a compound that combines the strong basicity of DBU with the stabilizing effect of the phenolate ion. This unique combination makes DBU Phenolate a potent catalyst for a wide range of organic reactions, particularly those involving acid-base chemistry.

Why is DBU Phenolate Important?

The importance of DBU Phenolate lies in its ability to facilitate reactions that are both efficient and environmentally friendly. In an era where reducing waste, conserving energy, and minimizing the use of hazardous materials are paramount, DBU Phenolate offers a promising alternative to traditional catalysts. Its high activity, stability, and ease of handling make it an attractive choice for researchers and industrial chemists alike. Moreover, its role in promoting sustainable chemistry practices cannot be overstated, as it helps reduce the environmental footprint of chemical processes.

Product Parameters

To fully appreciate the potential of DBU Phenolate, it’s essential to understand its physical and chemical properties. The following table provides a comprehensive overview of its key parameters:

Parameter	Value
CAS Number	57671-19-9
Molecular Formula	C12H13N2O
Molecular Weight	203.25 g/mol
Appearance	White to light yellow solid
Melting Point	145-147°C
Boiling Point	Decomposes before boiling
Solubility in Water	Insoluble
Solubility in Organic Solvents	Soluble in ethanol, acetone, dichloromethane, and other polar solvents
pKa	11.5 (for the phenolate ion)
Basicity	Strong base (pKb ? -0.5)
Stability	Stable under normal conditions, but decomposes at high temperatures
Storage Conditions	Store in a cool, dry place, away from moisture and acidic substances

Key Features of DBU Phenolate

High Basicity: DBU Phenolate is one of the strongest organic bases available, making it highly effective in catalyzing reactions that require a strong base.
Stability: Despite its strong basicity, DBU Phenolate is relatively stable under normal laboratory conditions, which makes it easy to handle and store.
Versatility: Its ability to act as both a base and a nucleophile allows it to participate in a wide variety of reactions, including aldol condensations, Michael additions, and Diels-Alder reactions.
Environmental Friendliness: Unlike many traditional catalysts, DBU Phenolate does not contain heavy metals or other toxic components, making it a safer and more sustainable option.

Applications of DBU Phenolate

DBU Phenolate’s unique properties make it a valuable asset in various fields of chemistry, from academic research to industrial applications. Let’s explore some of the most notable uses of this versatile compound.

1. Organic Synthesis

One of the primary applications of DBU Phenolate is in organic synthesis, where it serves as a powerful catalyst for a wide range of reactions. Its strong basicity and nucleophilicity make it particularly useful in reactions that involve the activation of carbonyl compounds, such as aldehydes and ketones. Some of the key reactions where DBU Phenolate excels include:

Aldol Condensation: DBU Phenolate can effectively catalyze the aldol condensation between aldehydes and ketones, leading to the formation of ?-hydroxy ketones. This reaction is crucial in the synthesis of complex organic molecules, including natural products and pharmaceuticals.
Michael Addition: In Michael addition reactions, DBU Phenolate acts as a base to deprotonate the nucleophile, facilitating the attack on the electrophilic carbon of an ?,?-unsaturated carbonyl compound. This reaction is widely used in the synthesis of polyfunctionalized molecules, such as chiral building blocks and polymers.
Diels-Alder Reaction: Although DBU Phenolate is not typically used as a direct catalyst for the Diels-Alder reaction, it can play a supporting role by activating the dienophile through deprotonation. This can lead to faster and more selective reactions, especially when using electron-deficient dienophiles.

2. Polymerization

DBU Phenolate has also found applications in polymer chemistry, particularly in the field of controlled radical polymerization. One of the most notable examples is its use in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), where it serves as a ligand for the transition metal catalyst. By stabilizing the active species, DBU Phenolate helps control the polymerization process, leading to well-defined polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions.

Additionally, DBU Phenolate can be used in living radical polymerization (LRP) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. In these processes, DBU Phenolate acts as a base to initiate the polymerization and control the growth of the polymer chains. This results in polymers with precise architectures and tunable properties, making them suitable for a wide range of applications, from coatings and adhesives to biomedical materials.

3. Catalysis in Green Chemistry

In the context of green chemistry, DBU Phenolate shines as a sustainable alternative to traditional catalysts. Its ability to promote reactions without the need for toxic or hazardous reagents makes it an ideal choice for environmentally friendly processes. For example, DBU Phenolate can be used in the synthesis of bio-based chemicals, such as levulinic acid and furfural, which are derived from renewable resources like biomass. These chemicals serve as building blocks for a variety of products, including fuels, plastics, and pharmaceuticals.

Moreover, DBU Phenolate can be used in the development of catalytic systems that operate under mild conditions, reducing the need for high temperatures, pressures, and solvents. This not only saves energy but also minimizes waste and emissions, contributing to a more sustainable chemical industry.

4. Biocatalysis

While DBU Phenolate is primarily known for its synthetic applications, it has also shown promise in biocatalysis. In particular, it can be used to modify enzymes and improve their catalytic efficiency. For example, DBU Phenolate can be used to enhance the activity of lipases, which are widely used in the production of biodiesel and other biofuels. By acting as a co-catalyst, DBU Phenolate helps stabilize the enzyme and increase its substrate specificity, leading to higher yields and better selectivity.

Sustainable Chemistry Practices with DBU Phenolate

Sustainability is at the heart of modern chemical research, and DBU Phenolate offers several opportunities to implement sustainable practices in both laboratory and industrial settings. Let’s explore some of the ways in which DBU Phenolate can contribute to a greener future.

1. Waste Reduction

One of the most significant advantages of using DBU Phenolate is its ability to reduce waste. Traditional catalysts often require large amounts of solvent and reagents, leading to the generation of significant amounts of waste. In contrast, DBU Phenolate can be used in small quantities, thanks to its high activity and efficiency. This not only reduces the amount of waste generated but also lowers the overall cost of the process.

Moreover, DBU Phenolate is compatible with a wide range of solvents, including water and other environmentally friendly alternatives. By using greener solvents, chemists can further reduce the environmental impact of their reactions. For example, aqueous DBU Phenolate solutions can be used in reactions that traditionally require organic solvents, eliminating the need for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and reducing the risk of air pollution.

2. Energy Efficiency

Energy consumption is another critical factor in sustainable chemistry, and DBU Phenolate can help reduce the energy required for chemical processes. Many reactions that use traditional catalysts require high temperatures and pressures to achieve satisfactory yields. However, DBU Phenolate can promote reactions under milder conditions, reducing the need for energy-intensive equipment and processes.

For example, DBU Phenolate can be used in the synthesis of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals at room temperature, eliminating the need for heating or cooling systems. This not only saves energy but also reduces the carbon footprint of the process. Additionally, DBU Phenolate can be used in continuous flow reactors, which are more energy-efficient than batch reactors and can operate at lower temperatures and pressures.

3. Atom Economy

Atom economy is a concept that refers to the efficiency of a chemical reaction in terms of the number of atoms that are incorporated into the desired product. Reactions with high atom economy are more sustainable because they generate less waste and require fewer raw materials. DBU Phenolate can help improve the atom economy of various reactions by promoting selective transformations that minimize the formation of by-products.

For example, in the synthesis of chiral compounds, DBU Phenolate can be used to achieve high enantioselectivity, ensuring that only the desired stereoisomer is produced. This reduces the need for additional purification steps and minimizes the generation of waste. Similarly, DBU Phenolate can be used in cross-coupling reactions to achieve high yields and selectivity, leading to more efficient and sustainable processes.

4. Recycling and Reuse

Another important aspect of sustainable chemistry is the recycling and reuse of catalysts. Traditional catalysts, especially those containing precious metals, are often difficult to recover and recycle, leading to significant waste and resource depletion. In contrast, DBU Phenolate is a non-metallic catalyst that can be easily recovered and reused in multiple reaction cycles.

For example, DBU Phenolate can be immobilized on solid supports, such as silica or polymer beads, allowing it to be easily separated from the reaction mixture after the reaction is complete. The immobilized catalyst can then be washed and reused in subsequent reactions, reducing the need for new catalysts and minimizing waste. Additionally, DBU Phenolate can be regenerated by simply neutralizing it with an acid, making it a truly sustainable catalyst.

5. Life Cycle Assessment

To fully evaluate the sustainability of DBU Phenolate, it’s important to consider its entire life cycle, from production to disposal. A life cycle assessment (LCA) can provide valuable insights into the environmental impact of using DBU Phenolate in various applications. While the production of DBU Phenolate does require energy and resources, its high efficiency and recyclability make it a more sustainable option compared to many traditional catalysts.

Moreover, the use of DBU Phenolate in green chemistry processes can lead to significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, water usage, and waste generation. By incorporating DBU Phenolate into sustainable chemical processes, chemists can contribute to a more environmentally friendly and resource-efficient industry.

Conclusion

In conclusion, DBU Phenolate (CAS 57671-19-9) is a remarkable compound that offers a wide range of applications in organic synthesis, polymerization, and green chemistry. Its high basicity, stability, and versatility make it a valuable tool for chemists, while its environmental friendliness and sustainability make it an attractive choice for those committed to reducing the environmental impact of chemical processes. By adopting sustainable chemistry practices with DBU Phenolate, we can move closer to a greener, more efficient, and more responsible chemical industry.

As the demand for sustainable solutions continues to grow, DBU Phenolate will undoubtedly play an increasingly important role in shaping the future of chemistry. Whether you’re a researcher exploring new frontiers in organic synthesis or an industrial chemist looking for ways to reduce your environmental footprint, DBU Phenolate offers a powerful and sustainable solution that can help you achieve your goals.

References

Anker, J. P., & Kirschning, A. (2010). Organocatalysis: Concepts and Applications. Wiley-VCH.
Beller, M., & Cornils, B. (2008). Catalysis by Supported Metal Complexes: From Fundamental Research to Industrial Applications. Wiley-VCH.
Bolm, C. (2012). Green Chemistry: An Introductory Text. Royal Society of Chemistry.
Hartwig, J. F. (2010). Organotransition Metal Chemistry: From Bonding to Catalysis. University Science Books.
Sheldon, R. A. (2007). Green Chemistry and Catalysis. Wiley-VCH.
Zhang, X., & Zhao, D. (2015). Sustainable Polymer Chemistry: Principles and Practice. Springer.
Zipse, H. (2006). Organic Chemistry: Structure and Reactivity. McGraw-Hill Education.

Precision Formulations in High-Tech Industries Using DBU Phenolate (CAS 57671-19-9)

admin 3月 27th, 2025 News

Precision Formulations in High-Tech Industries Using DBU Phenolate (CAS 57671-19-9)

Introduction

In the ever-evolving landscape of high-tech industries, precision formulations play a crucial role in ensuring the performance and reliability of advanced materials and processes. One such compound that has garnered significant attention is DBU Phenolate (CAS 57671-19-9). This versatile chemical, known for its unique properties and wide-ranging applications, has become an indispensable component in various sectors, including electronics, automotive, aerospace, and pharmaceuticals.

DBU Phenolate, or 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene phenolate, is a powerful base that offers exceptional reactivity and stability. Its ability to catalyze a variety of chemical reactions makes it an ideal choice for formulating high-performance materials. In this article, we will delve into the world of DBU Phenolate, exploring its structure, properties, applications, and the latest research findings. We will also provide a comprehensive overview of its product parameters, supported by tables and references to relevant literature.

Structure and Properties

Chemical Structure

DBU Phenolate is derived from 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), a well-known organic base. The phenolate ion, which is the conjugate base of phenol, enhances the compound’s reactivity and stability. The molecular formula of DBU Phenolate is C11H17N2O?, and its molecular weight is approximately 195.27 g/mol. The compound exists as a white to off-white solid at room temperature, with a melting point ranging from 160°C to 165°C.

The cyclic structure of DBU provides the compound with a high degree of basicity, making it one of the strongest organic bases available. The presence of the phenolate ion further enhances its nucleophilic character, allowing it to participate in a wide range of chemical reactions. This combination of strong basicity and nucleophilicity makes DBU Phenolate an excellent catalyst for various synthetic processes.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Property	Value
Molecular Formula	C11H17N2O?
Molecular Weight	195.27 g/mol
Appearance	White to off-white solid
Melting Point	160°C – 165°C
Solubility in Water	Slightly soluble
Solubility in Organic	Highly soluble in polar solvents
pH (1% solution)	>13
Flash Point	N/A (solid at room temperature)
Stability	Stable under normal conditions

Reactivity

DBU Phenolate is highly reactive due to its strong basicity and nucleophilicity. It can initiate a variety of reactions, including:

Catalysis of Epoxide Ring Opening: DBU Phenolate is commonly used to catalyze the ring-opening polymerization of epoxides, leading to the formation of polyethers. This reaction is widely employed in the production of adhesives, coatings, and composites.
Carbonate Formation: The compound can react with carbon dioxide to form alkyl carbonates, which are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of polycarbonates and other polymers.
Imine Formation: DBU Phenolate can facilitate the condensation of amines and aldehydes to form imines, which are important building blocks in organic synthesis.
Hydrolysis of Esters: The strong basicity of DBU Phenolate allows it to catalyze the hydrolysis of esters, making it useful in the preparation of carboxylic acids and alcohols.
Michael Addition: DBU Phenolate can act as a base to promote Michael addition reactions, where a nucleophile attacks an ?,?-unsaturated carbonyl compound. This reaction is widely used in the synthesis of complex organic molecules.

Applications in High-Tech Industries

Electronics Industry

In the electronics industry, precision formulations are critical for the development of high-performance materials that can withstand extreme conditions. DBU Phenolate plays a key role in several applications within this sector:

1. Epoxy Resins for PCBs

Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are the backbone of modern electronics, and epoxy resins are widely used as the primary material for their construction. DBU Phenolate is often added to epoxy formulations to enhance their curing properties. The compound acts as a catalyst, accelerating the cross-linking reaction between the epoxy and hardener, resulting in faster and more uniform curing. This leads to improved mechanical strength, thermal stability, and electrical insulation properties.

Moreover, DBU Phenolate helps reduce the shrinkage and warpage of PCBs during the curing process, which is essential for maintaining the integrity of delicate electronic components. The use of DBU Phenolate in epoxy resins also improves the adhesion between the resin and the copper layers, ensuring better conductivity and reliability.

2. Photolithography Resist Materials

Photolithography is a critical process in semiconductor manufacturing, where patterns are transferred onto silicon wafers using light-sensitive materials called photoresists. DBU Phenolate is used as a base additive in chemically amplified resists (CARs), which are widely employed in advanced lithography processes.

The strong basicity of DBU Phenolate enhances the deprotection reaction of acid-labile groups in the resist, leading to faster and more efficient pattern formation. This results in higher resolution and finer feature sizes, which are essential for the fabrication of next-generation microprocessors and memory devices.

Automotive Industry

The automotive industry is constantly seeking ways to improve the performance, safety, and durability of vehicles. DBU Phenolate finds applications in several areas within this sector:

1. Adhesives and Sealants

Adhesives and sealants are crucial for bonding and sealing various components in automobiles, such as body panels, windows, and interior trim. DBU Phenolate is used as a catalyst in two-component epoxy-based adhesives and sealants, where it accelerates the curing process and improves the bond strength.

The compound also enhances the resistance of these materials to environmental factors such as moisture, heat, and UV radiation. This ensures that the adhesives and sealants remain durable and effective throughout the vehicle’s lifespan, even under harsh driving conditions.

2. Coatings and Paints

Automotive coatings and paints are designed to protect the vehicle’s surface from corrosion, scratches, and UV damage while providing an aesthetically pleasing finish. DBU Phenolate is used as a curing agent in urethane-based coatings, where it promotes the formation of a tough, durable film.

The compound also improves the flow and leveling properties of the coating, ensuring a smooth and uniform finish. Additionally, DBU Phenolate enhances the scratch resistance and chip resistance of the coating, making it ideal for use on exterior surfaces such as bumpers and fenders.

Aerospace Industry

The aerospace industry demands materials that can withstand extreme temperatures, pressures, and mechanical stresses. DBU Phenolate is used in several applications within this sector:

1. Composite Materials

Composite materials, such as carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs), are widely used in aircraft structures due to their high strength-to-weight ratio. DBU Phenolate is used as a catalyst in the curing of epoxy-based resins used in these composites.

The compound accelerates the curing process, resulting in faster production cycles and lower manufacturing costs. It also improves the mechanical properties of the composite, such as tensile strength, flexural modulus, and impact resistance. This makes DBU Phenolate an essential component in the production of lightweight, high-performance aerospace components.

2. Thermal Protection Systems

Thermal protection systems (TPS) are critical for protecting spacecraft and re-entry vehicles from the extreme heat generated during atmospheric re-entry. DBU Phenolate is used in the formulation of ablative materials, which are designed to slowly burn away during re-entry, absorbing heat and protecting the underlying structure.

The compound enhances the char yield of the ablative material, improving its thermal insulation properties. It also increases the material’s resistance to oxidation and erosion, ensuring that the TPS remains effective throughout the mission.

Pharmaceutical Industry

The pharmaceutical industry relies on precise formulations to develop safe and effective drugs. DBU Phenolate is used in several applications within this sector:

1. Drug Delivery Systems

Drug delivery systems are designed to transport therapeutic agents to specific target sites within the body. DBU Phenolate is used as a base additive in controlled-release formulations, where it helps regulate the release rate of the drug.

The compound can be incorporated into polymer matrices, such as hydrogels or microparticles, where it interacts with acidic functional groups to modulate the degradation of the matrix. This allows for the controlled release of the drug over an extended period, improving patient compliance and reducing the frequency of dosing.

2. Pharmaceutical Intermediates

DBU Phenolate is used as a reagent in the synthesis of various pharmaceutical intermediates. Its strong basicity and nucleophilicity make it an ideal catalyst for reactions such as Michael additions, imine formations, and ester hydrolyses. These reactions are commonly employed in the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and their precursors.

The use of DBU Phenolate in pharmaceutical synthesis offers several advantages, including higher yields, shorter reaction times, and reduced side reactions. This makes it a valuable tool for developing new drugs and optimizing existing synthetic routes.

Safety and Handling

While DBU Phenolate is a powerful and versatile compound, it must be handled with care to ensure the safety of workers and the environment. The following precautions should be observed:

Eye and Skin Protection: DBU Phenolate can cause severe irritation to the eyes and skin. Protective goggles and gloves should always be worn when handling the compound.
Respiratory Protection: Inhalation of DBU Phenolate dust or vapors can cause respiratory irritation. A respirator with appropriate filters should be used in poorly ventilated areas.
Storage Conditions: DBU Phenolate should be stored in a cool, dry place, away from sources of heat, moisture, and incompatible materials. It is sensitive to air and moisture, so it should be kept in tightly sealed containers.
Disposal: Unused or waste DBU Phenolate should be disposed of according to local regulations. It should not be poured down drains or released into the environment.

Environmental Impact

DBU Phenolate is not classified as a hazardous substance under most environmental regulations. However, like all chemicals, it should be handled responsibly to minimize its impact on the environment. Proper disposal and recycling practices should be followed to prevent contamination of soil, water, and air.

Conclusion

DBU Phenolate (CAS 57671-19-9) is a remarkable compound that has found widespread applications in high-tech industries. Its unique combination of strong basicity and nucleophilicity makes it an ideal catalyst for a wide range of chemical reactions. From the electronics and automotive industries to aerospace and pharmaceuticals, DBU Phenolate plays a crucial role in the development of advanced materials and processes.

As technology continues to advance, the demand for precision formulations will only increase. DBU Phenolate, with its exceptional properties and versatility, is well-positioned to meet this demand and contribute to the next generation of high-performance materials. Whether you’re working in a cutting-edge laboratory or a large-scale manufacturing facility, DBU Phenolate is a powerful tool that can help you achieve your goals.

References

Organic Chemistry (6th Edition) by Clayden, Greeves, Warren, and Wothers. Oxford University Press, 2012.
Handbook of Polymer Synthesis, Characterization, and Processing edited by Charles E. Carraher Jr. and Raymond B. Seymour. Marcel Dekker, Inc., 2003.
Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure (5th Edition) by Francis A. Carey and Richard J. Sundberg. Wiley, 2007.
Polymer Science and Technology (3rd Edition) by Paul C. Painter and Michael M. Coleman. Prentice Hall, 2008.
Chemical Reviews (2010), 110(4), 2357-2382. DOI: 10.1021/cr900354q.
Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry (2015), 53(12), 1847-1858. DOI: 10.1002/pola.27564.
Macromolecules (2018), 51(19), 7657-7666. DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01234.
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2019), 11(41), 37949-37958. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b13456.
Journal of the American Chemical Society (2020), 142(22), 10054-10063. DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03458.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition (2021), 60(35), 19123-19131. DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104567.

This article provides a comprehensive overview of DBU Phenolate, highlighting its structure, properties, applications, and safety considerations. By understanding the full potential of this compound, researchers and engineers can harness its power to develop innovative solutions in high-tech industries.

DBU Phenolate (CAS 57671-19-9) for High-Yield Production in Fine Chemicals

admin 3月 27th, 2025 News

DBU Phenolate (CAS 57671-19-9): The Unsung Hero in High-Yield Production of Fine Chemicals

Introduction

In the world of fine chemicals, where precision and efficiency reign supreme, one compound has quietly risen to prominence: DBU Phenolate (CAS 57671-19-9). This unsung hero, often overshadowed by more glamorous molecules, plays a crucial role in enhancing the yield and quality of various chemical reactions. DBU Phenolate, derived from 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) and phenol, is a versatile catalyst that has found applications in numerous industries, from pharmaceuticals to polymers.

This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of DBU Phenolate, delving into its structure, properties, synthesis, and applications. We will explore how this compound can significantly boost the productivity of fine chemical processes, making it an indispensable tool for chemists and engineers alike. So, buckle up as we embark on a journey through the fascinating world of DBU Phenolate!

Structure and Properties

Chemical Structure

DBU Phenolate, with the chemical formula C12H17N2O, is a salt formed by the reaction of DBU and phenol. The structure of DBU Phenolate can be visualized as follows:

DBU (1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene): A bicyclic organic compound with two nitrogen atoms in its ring system. DBU is known for its strong basicity, which makes it an excellent base for deprotonation reactions.
Phenol (C6H5OH): A simple aromatic alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to a benzene ring. Phenol is a weak acid, and its conjugate base, the phenolate ion, is a resonance-stabilized anion.

When DBU reacts with phenol, the resulting DBU Phenolate consists of the DBU cation and the phenolate anion. The strong basicity of DBU allows it to effectively deprotonate phenol, forming a stable salt that can act as a powerful catalyst in various reactions.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Property	Value
Molecular Weight	203.28 g/mol
Appearance	White to off-white crystalline solid
Melting Point	160-162°C
Solubility	Soluble in polar solvents like DMSO, DMF, and ethanol; insoluble in nonpolar solvents like hexane and toluene
pKa	~9.9 (for phenol)
Basicity	Strongly basic due to the presence of DBU
Stability	Stable under normal conditions, but may degrade in acidic environments or at high temperatures

Safety and Handling

While DBU Phenolate is generally considered safe for laboratory use, it is important to handle it with care. The compound is moderately toxic if ingested or inhaled, and it can cause skin and eye irritation. Therefore, appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, goggles, and a lab coat, should be worn when handling DBU Phenolate. Additionally, it is advisable to work in a well-ventilated area or under a fume hood to minimize exposure.

Synthesis of DBU Phenolate

The synthesis of DBU Phenolate is relatively straightforward and can be carried out using a variety of methods. The most common approach involves the reaction of DBU with phenol in the presence of a polar solvent. Below is a step-by-step guide to the synthesis process:

Method 1: Direct Reaction of DBU and Phenol

Reagents:
- 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU)
- Phenol
- Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent
Procedure:
- Dissolve DBU in DMSO or DMF in a round-bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer.
- Slowly add phenol to the solution while stirring. The reaction mixture will become cloudy as the DBU Phenolate precipitates out.
- Continue stirring for 1-2 hours at room temperature.
- Filter the solid product and wash it with cold DMSO or DMF to remove any unreacted starting materials.
- Dry the product under vacuum to obtain pure DBU Phenolate.
Yield: Typically, this method yields 80-90% of the theoretical amount of DBU Phenolate.

Method 2: In Situ Generation in Reaction Mixtures

In some cases, it may be more convenient to generate DBU Phenolate in situ during a catalytic reaction. This approach eliminates the need for isolating the catalyst beforehand and can simplify the overall process. For example, in a typical esterification reaction, DBU and phenol can be added directly to the reaction mixture, where they will react to form DBU Phenolate, which then catalyzes the desired transformation.

Advantages of In Situ Generation

Simplicity: No need for separate synthesis and purification steps.
Cost-Effective: Reduces the amount of reagents and solvents required.
Versatility: Can be adapted to a wide range of reactions, including esterifications, amidations, and carbonylations.

Challenges and Considerations

While the synthesis of DBU Phenolate is generally straightforward, there are a few challenges to keep in mind:

Solubility: DBU Phenolate is only soluble in polar solvents, which can limit its use in certain reaction conditions. However, this can also be an advantage, as it allows for easy separation of the catalyst from the reaction mixture.
Thermal Stability: DBU Phenolate is stable under normal conditions, but it may degrade at high temperatures or in acidic environments. Therefore, it is important to control the reaction temperature and avoid exposing the compound to acidic conditions.
Moisture Sensitivity: Like many organic bases, DBU Phenolate is sensitive to moisture. It is advisable to store the compound in a dry environment and use it immediately after preparation to prevent degradation.

Applications in Fine Chemicals

DBU Phenolate’s unique combination of strong basicity and resonance-stabilized anionic structure makes it an ideal catalyst for a wide range of fine chemical reactions. Below, we explore some of the key applications of DBU Phenolate in various industries.

1. Esterification Reactions

Esterification is one of the most common reactions in organic chemistry, and DBU Phenolate has proven to be an excellent catalyst for this process. By facilitating the deprotonation of carboxylic acids, DBU Phenolate can accelerate the formation of esters, leading to higher yields and shorter reaction times.

Example: Esterification of Acetic Acid with Ethanol

Reagent	Amount (mmol)	Role
Acetic Acid	10	Carboxylic Acid
Ethanol	15	Alcohol
DBU Phenolate	0.5	Catalyst
Toluene	10 mL	Solvent

In this reaction, DBU Phenolate acts as a base to deprotonate acetic acid, forming an acetyl anion. The acetyl anion then reacts with ethanol to form ethyl acetate, with water as a byproduct. The use of DBU Phenolate in this reaction not only increases the rate of esterification but also improves the selectivity, reducing the formation of side products.

2. Amidation Reactions

Amidation reactions, which involve the formation of amide bonds, are critical in the synthesis of peptides, proteins, and other biologically active compounds. DBU Phenolate can serve as a powerful catalyst in these reactions, particularly when dealing with sterically hindered substrates or poor nucleophiles.

Example: Amidation of Benzoic Acid with Aniline

Reagent	Amount (mmol)	Role
Benzoic Acid	10	Carboxylic Acid
Aniline	12	Amine
DBU Phenolate	0.5	Catalyst
DMSO	10 mL	Solvent

In this reaction, DBU Phenolate deprotonates benzoic acid, forming a benzoate anion. The benzoate anion then reacts with aniline to form benzamide, with water as a byproduct. The use of DBU Phenolate in this reaction leads to higher yields and faster reaction rates compared to traditional amidation methods.

3. Carbonylation Reactions

Carbonylation reactions, which involve the introduction of a carbonyl group into a molecule, are widely used in the production of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. DBU Phenolate can act as a promoter in these reactions, particularly when coupled with metal catalysts like palladium or rhodium.

Example: Carbonylation of Methyl Iodide

Reagent	Amount (mmol)	Role
Methyl Iodide	10	Substrate
CO	1 atm	Carbonyl Source
Pd(OAc)?	0.1	Metal Catalyst
DBU Phenolate	0.5	Promoter
Toluene	10 mL	Solvent

In this reaction, DBU Phenolate enhances the activity of the palladium catalyst, promoting the insertion of carbon monoxide into the methyl iodide molecule. The result is the formation of acetaldehyde, a valuable intermediate in the production of plastics and resins.

4. Polymerization Reactions

DBU Phenolate has also found applications in polymer chemistry, particularly in the synthesis of polyesters and polycarbonates. By acting as a base, DBU Phenolate can facilitate the polymerization of diols and diacids, leading to the formation of high-molecular-weight polymers with excellent mechanical properties.

Example: Polymerization of Bisphenol A and Phosgene

Reagent	Amount (mmol)	Role
Bisphenol A	10	Diol
Phosgene	10	Diacid Chloride
DBU Phenolate	0.5	Catalyst
Toluene	10 mL	Solvent

In this reaction, DBU Phenolate deprotonates bisphenol A, forming a phenolate anion. The phenolate anion then reacts with phosgene to form a polycarbonate polymer. The use of DBU Phenolate in this reaction leads to higher molecular weights and better control over the polymerization process.

Mechanism of Action

The effectiveness of DBU Phenolate as a catalyst can be attributed to its unique mechanism of action. As a strong base, DBU Phenolate can easily deprotonate acidic substrates, forming reactive intermediates that participate in the desired chemical transformations. Additionally, the resonance-stabilized phenolate anion provides additional stability to the reaction intermediates, further enhancing the catalytic activity.

Deprotonation and Nucleophilic Attack

One of the key features of DBU Phenolate is its ability to deprotonate carboxylic acids, alcohols, and other acidic functional groups. This deprotonation step generates a negatively charged intermediate, such as a carboxylate or alkoxide, which can then act as a nucleophile in subsequent reactions. For example, in an esterification reaction, the deprotonated carboxylic acid forms a carboxylate anion, which reacts with an alcohol to form an ester.

Stabilization of Reactive Intermediates

The phenolate anion, being resonance-stabilized, plays a crucial role in stabilizing reactive intermediates during the course of a reaction. This stabilization reduces the energy barrier for the reaction, leading to faster reaction rates and higher yields. For instance, in an amidation reaction, the phenolate anion helps to stabilize the tetrahedral intermediate formed during the nucleophilic attack of the amine on the carboxylate.

Synergy with Metal Catalysts

In some cases, DBU Phenolate can work synergistically with metal catalysts to enhance the efficiency of a reaction. For example, in carbonylation reactions, DBU Phenolate can promote the insertion of carbon monoxide into a metal-substrate complex, leading to the formation of a carbonyl compound. This synergy between DBU Phenolate and metal catalysts allows for the development of highly efficient and selective catalytic systems.

Comparison with Other Catalysts

While DBU Phenolate is a powerful catalyst, it is not the only option available for fine chemical synthesis. Several other catalysts, such as organic bases, metal complexes, and ionic liquids, have been developed for similar applications. However, DBU Phenolate offers several advantages over these alternatives:

1. Strong Basicity

DBU Phenolate is one of the strongest organic bases available, with a pKa value of around 9.9 for the phenolate anion. This high basicity allows it to deprotonate even weakly acidic substrates, making it suitable for a wide range of reactions. In contrast, many other organic bases, such as triethylamine or pyridine, have lower basicities and may not be effective in certain applications.

2. Resonance Stabilization

The resonance-stabilized phenolate anion provides additional stability to reaction intermediates, leading to faster reaction rates and higher yields. This is particularly important in reactions involving nucleophilic attacks, where the stability of the intermediate can significantly impact the outcome of the reaction.

3. Ease of Separation

Unlike many metal catalysts, which can be difficult to remove from the reaction mixture, DBU Phenolate is insoluble in nonpolar solvents, making it easy to separate from the product. This simplifies the purification process and reduces the risk of contamination.

4. Cost-Effectiveness

DBU Phenolate is relatively inexpensive compared to many other catalysts, such as rare earth metals or precious metal complexes. This makes it an attractive option for large-scale industrial applications, where cost efficiency is a key consideration.

Case Studies

To illustrate the practical benefits of using DBU Phenolate in fine chemical synthesis, let’s examine a few case studies from both academic and industrial settings.

Case Study 1: Esterification of Fatty Acids

In a study published in Organic Process Research & Development (2018), researchers investigated the use of DBU Phenolate as a catalyst for the esterification of fatty acids. The team found that DBU Phenolate significantly improved the yield and purity of the ester products compared to traditional catalysts like sulfuric acid. Additionally, the use of DBU Phenolate eliminated the need for harsh reaction conditions, such as high temperatures and pressures, making the process more environmentally friendly.

Case Study 2: Polymerization of Lactic Acid

A research group at the University of California, Berkeley, explored the use of DBU Phenolate in the polymerization of lactic acid to produce polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable polymer used in medical devices and packaging materials. The study, published in Macromolecules (2019), demonstrated that DBU Phenolate could achieve high molecular weights and narrow polydispersity indices, leading to superior mechanical properties in the final polymer. Moreover, the use of DBU Phenolate allowed for the polymerization to be carried out under mild conditions, reducing the risk of side reactions and impurities.

Case Study 3: Carbonylation of Alkyl Halides

In a collaboration between Dow Chemical and MIT, scientists developed a novel carbonylation process using DBU Phenolate as a promoter in conjunction with palladium catalysts. The study, published in Journal of the American Chemical Society (2020), showed that DBU Phenolate enhanced the activity of the palladium catalyst, allowing for the efficient carbonylation of alkyl halides to produce aldehydes and ketones. The process was scalable and could be applied to a wide range of substrates, making it a promising technology for the production of fine chemicals and pharmaceutical intermediates.

Conclusion

DBU Phenolate (CAS 57671-19-9) is a versatile and powerful catalyst that has found widespread applications in the production of fine chemicals. Its unique combination of strong basicity, resonance-stabilized anionic structure, and ease of separation makes it an ideal choice for a wide range of reactions, from esterifications and amidations to carbonylations and polymerizations. With its ability to improve yields, reduce reaction times, and operate under mild conditions, DBU Phenolate is poised to become an indispensable tool in the chemist’s arsenal.

As the demand for high-yield, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly chemical processes continues to grow, DBU Phenolate is likely to play an increasingly important role in the future of fine chemical synthesis. Whether you’re a researcher in academia or an engineer in industry, this unsung hero deserves a place in your toolkit. So, the next time you’re faced with a challenging reaction, don’t forget to give DBU Phenolate a try—you might just be surprised by the results! 😊

References

Zhang, Y., & Li, J. (2018). "Esterification of Fatty Acids Using DBU Phenolate as a Catalyst." Organic Process Research & Development, 22(5), 789-795.
Kim, H., & Park, S. (2019). "Polymerization of Lactic Acid with DBU Phenolate: A Green Approach to Polylactic Acid." Macromolecules, 52(10), 3845-3852.
Smith, J., & Brown, R. (2020). "Enhanced Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylation of Alkyl Halides Using DBU Phenolate as a Promoter." Journal of the American Chemical Society, 142(15), 7012-7019.
Wang, X., & Chen, L. (2017). "DBU Phenolate as a Catalyst for Fine Chemical Synthesis: A Review." Chemical Reviews, 117(12), 8123-8145.
Johnson, M., & Davis, K. (2016). "Applications of DBU Phenolate in Polymer Chemistry." Progress in Polymer Science, 58, 1-25.

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