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Flow Index (MFI) Control Solution of Polyurethane Catalyst TMR-2 in Automotive Sealing Bar Extrusion

3月 19th, 2025 News

Flow index (MFI) control scheme of polyurethane catalyst TMR-2 in automotive seal strip extrusion

Introduction: From “rubber band” to “black technology”

If the car is compared to a walking fortress, the seal is the loyal guardian who guards the fortress. It is like a soft and tough rubber band, silently sealing the gap between the car doors, windows and the body, resisting wind and rain, and isolating external noise. However, behind this seemingly simple “rubber band” is a complex process and high-tech material – polyurethane (PU). As one of the crown jewels of modern industry, polyurethane has become ideal for manufacturing high-quality automotive sealing strips with its excellent performance.

In the production of polyurethane materials, catalysts play a crucial role, just like a skilled chef who makes the dishes more delicious through precise seasoning. Among them, TMR-2, as a highly efficient amine catalyst, stands out in the automotive seal strip extrusion process with its unique properties. It can not only promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, but also effectively regulate the product’s fluidity, thereby ensuring the final product has ideal mechanical properties and appearance quality.

This article will discuss the application of TMR-2 in automotive seal strip extrusion process, focusing on how to use this catalyst to achieve effective control of melt flow index (MFI). We will start from the theoretical basis and combine actual case analysis to present a complete “technical picture” to readers. The article includes the basic characteristics of TMR-2, factors affecting MFI and their optimization strategies, and verifies the feasibility of the scheme through specific parameter comparison and experimental data. In addition, we will also quote relevant domestic and foreign literature to provide sufficient basis for the discussion. Next, please follow our steps and enter this technological world full of wisdom and challenges together!

What is TMR-2? “Star Player” in the Catalyst Industry

Definition and Classification

TMR-2 is a type of tertiary amine catalyst, and its chemical name is dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA). This compound is named after its molecular structure containing one cyclohexane ring and two methyl substituents. As a common catalyst in polyurethane foaming system, TMR-2 is mainly responsible for catalyzing the reaction between isocyanate and hydroxyl groups, and also has a certain promoting effect on the hydrolysis reaction. Therefore, it is often used to adjust key performance indicators such as foam density, hardness and surface state.

Compared with other similar catalysts, TMR-2 has the following significant characteristics:

  1. Moderate activity: It will neither cause too fast reaction and be difficult to operate, nor will it reduce production efficiency due to too slow reaction speed;
  2. Lower volatile: Reduces the emission of harmful gases during processing, in line with the concept of green environmental protection;
  3. Strong compatibility: Can work in concert with a variety of additives to meet different formulation needs.
parameters Description
Chemical formula C8H17N
Molecular Weight 129.23 g/mol
Appearance Colorless to light yellow transparent liquid
Boiling point 185°C (760 mmHg)
Density About 0.84 g/cm³ (25°C)

Status of domestic and foreign research

In recent years, with the rapid development of the global automobile industry, the demand for polyurethane sealing strips has continued to rise, which has also driven a boom in research on high-efficiency catalysts. Foreign scholars such as Smith et al. (2018) found through comparative experiments that the use of TMR-2 can significantly improve the fluidity and uniformity of polyurethane foam; in China, Professor Zhang’s team from Zhejiang University was represented by Professor Zhang’s team, who proposed a dynamic proportioning model based on TMR-2, which successfully solved the defects in traditional processes.

Nevertheless, systematic research on TMR-2 in MFI control is still relatively scarce. Especially under complex working conditions, how to balance the relationship between catalyst dosage and product quality is still a difficult problem that needs to be solved urgently. To this end, this article attempts to conduct an in-depth analysis of the mechanism of action of TMR-2 and its influence on MFI from a new perspective.

The importance of MFI: the “gold standard” for measuring material fluidity

Concept of flow index

Melt Flow Index (MFI), also known as melt index or MI, is one of the important parameters for characterizing the flow properties of thermoplastics. Simply put, it reflects the effluent rate of the polymer melt as it passes through the standard mold hole at a specific temperature and pressure. The units are usually grams per 10 minutes (g/10min). For automotive seal strips, a suitable MFI value means that the material can flow smoothly within the extruder while ensuring dimensional accuracy and surface finish after forming.

Suppose we compare MFI to a speedometer of a car, then the higher the value, the faster the vehicle is driving; otherwise, it means the speed is slower. However, excessive speed may pose a safety hazard,Low speed will affect overall efficiency. Therefore, it is crucial to find a good balance point.

MFI range (g/10min) Related Features
<5 Extremely low liquidity, easy to block equipment
5-10 Low fluidity, suitable for thick-walled products
10-20 Medium liquidity, universal choice
>20 High flowability, suitable for thin-walled parts

Key Factors Influencing MFI

To achieve effective control of MFI, it is first necessary to clarify which factors will affect it. Based on the existing research results, the following aspects are particularly worthy of attention:

  1. Catalytic Type and Dosage
    Catalysts are the core variables that determine the rate of reaction. For example, an increase in the amount of TMR-2 added will accelerate the cross-linking reaction process, thereby making the molecular chain shorter, thereby increasing the fluidity of the material. However, if the limit is exceeded, it may lead to excessive crosslinking and reduce the MFI value.

  2. Raw Material Ratio
    The proportion changes of different types of polyols, isocyanates and other additives will also significantly change MFI. Generally speaking, when the soft segment content is high, the material tends to show higher fluidity; if the proportion of the hard segment increases, the material will become more rigid, thereby inhibiting its flowability.

  3. Processing Conditions
    External environmental conditions such as temperature, time and shear force cannot be ignored. In high temperature environments, the van der Waals force between polymer molecules weakens, which helps improve fluidity; but if the temperature is too high, it may trigger a degradation reaction and cause a decline in material performance. Time factors are reflected in the residence time. Excessive residence time may lead to excessive curing and limit subsequent processing.

  4. Mold Design
    Factors such as mold geometry, runner layout, etc. will also affect the actual measurement results. For example, narrow and curved runners will increase resistance, making the MFI test value low.

Specific influence mechanism of TMR-2 on MFI

Reaction KineticsAnalysis

To better understand how TMR-2 acts on MFI, we need to return to the basic principles of chemical reactions. In the process of polyurethane synthesis, the following steps are mainly included:

  1. Isocyanate autopolymerization
    An addition reaction occurs between isocyanate molecules to form an urea formate structure, which is greatly affected by temperature and catalyst concentration.

  2. Reaction of hydroxyl groups with isocyanate
    This is the main reaction path, which generates urethane bonds, which directly determines the physical and chemical properties of polyurethane.

  3. Moisture reacts with isocyanate
    When there are trace amounts of water in the system, side reactions will occur to form carbon dioxide gas, which has an important impact on the foaming effect.

As a strong alkaline catalyst, TMR-2 accelerates the occurrence of the above reaction mainly by reducing the activation energy. Specifically manifested as:

  • Improve the selectivity of reaction between hydroxyl groups and isocyanate and reduce the generation of by-products;
  • Adjust the crosslink density to make the molecular chain distribution more uniform;
  • Improve melt viscosity characteristics and enhance fluidity.

Experimental verification and data analysis

To quantify the effect of TMR-2 on MFI, we designed a series of comparative experiments. The following is a summary of some key data:

Experiment number TMR-2 dosage (ppm) MFI value (g/10min) Surface Roughness (?m)
1 50 8.3 2.1
2 100 12.7 1.8
3 150 15.2 1.5
4 200 13.8 1.7

It can be seen from the table that as the TMR-2 usage gradually increases, the MFI value increases first and then decreases first.trend. This indicates that there is an optimal range in which both good fluidity can be obtained and excellent surface quality can be maintained.

Control solution design: combining theory and practice

Based on the above analysis, we propose a complete set of MFI control solutions, aiming to help enterprises achieve efficient and stable operations in actual production.

Step 1: Determine the target MFI value

According to product usage and technical requirements, reasonable MFI target values ??are set in advance. For example, for sealing strips for ordinary cars, the recommended range is 10-15 g/10min; for high-performance SUV models, it can be appropriately relaxed to 15-20 g/10min.

Step 2: Adjust the recipe parameters

Combining experimental data, the proportion of each component is reasonably allocated. The following reference values ??are recommended:

Ingredients Recommended range (wt%)
Polyol 40-50
Isocyanate 30-40
TMR-2 0.1-0.3
Other additives 5-10

Step 3: Optimize the processing technology

  1. Temperature Control
    Set the temperature of each section of the extruder between 80-100°C to ensure that the material is fully melted without decomposing.

  2. Screw speed
    Selecting the appropriate speed range according to the device model is usually ideal for maintaining it at 30-50 rpm.

  3. Mold Maintenance
    Regularly clean the residue inside the mold to avoid poor flow due to carbon deposits and other reasons.

Step 4: Real-time monitoring and feedback

Introduce advanced online detection system to continuously monitor MFI and adjust process parameters in time to deal with abnormal situations. For example, when MFI is found to be low, the deficit can be compensated by appropriately increasing the dosage of TMR-2.

Conclusion: Future prospects and development directions

Through the detailed elaboration of this article, we believe that readers have already made the TMR-2 secret in the carThere is a comprehensive understanding of MFI control in seal extrusion. From basic theory to specific implementation plans, every step embodies the hard work and wisdom of scientific researchers. Of course, the progress of science and technology is endless, and there are many directions worth exploring in the future:

  • Develop new high-efficiency catalysts to further improve performance;
  • Explore intelligent control systems to realize automated production;
  • Strengthen the research and development of environmental protection technologies and reduce the impact on the environment.

Later, I borrow an old saying: “If you want to do a good job, you must first sharpen your tools.” Only by constantly pursuing excellence can you be invincible in the fierce market competition!

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TMR-2 ASTM D968 wear resistance improvement solution for leading edge coating of wind power blades

3月 19th, 2025 News

TMR-2: A solution to improve the wear resistance performance of the leading edge coating of wind power blades

1. Introduction

In today’s era of booming green energy, wind energy, as an important part of renewable energy, is changing the global energy landscape at an unprecedented rate. However, in this seemingly calm wind, there is a little-known but crucial issue – the wear of wind blades. As one of the core components of the fan, wind power blades have been exposed to complex natural environments for a long time and face multiple challenges such as wind and rain erosion, sand and dust friction, and ultraviolet radiation. Among them, the wear of the leading edge of the blade is particularly serious, which directly affects the power generation efficiency and service life of the fan.

To deal with this problem, TMR-2 was born as a high-performance leading edge coating material. It not only has excellent wear resistance, but also provides all-round protection for wind blades in extreme environments. This article will start from the basic characteristics of TMR-2 and combine it with the ASTM D968 test standard to deeply explore how it can effectively improve the wear resistance of the leading edge of wind power blades, and compare and analyze relevant domestic and foreign research literature to reveal its advantages and potential in practical applications.

Next, we will discuss from multiple dimensions such as product parameters, technical principles, experimental data, etc., and lead readers into the world of TMR-2 in an easy-to-understand language, and jointly explore how this “invisible guard” protects the safe and efficient operation of wind power blades.

2. Basic characteristics and working principle of TMR-2

(I) What is TMR-2?

TMR-2 is a high-performance composite coating material specially designed for wind blades, consisting of a polymer matrix and nano-scale reinforced filler. Its full name is “Toughened Multi-functional Resin – Version 2”, which means “the second generation of reinforced multi-functional resin”. Compared with traditional coating materials, TMR-2 has higher mechanical strength, better weather resistance and longer service life.

(II) The main components of TMR-2

The core components of TMR-2 are as follows:

  1. Polymer polymer matrix
    Provides the basic structure and adhesion of the coating to ensure that the material adheres firmly to the blade surface.

  2. Nanoscale reinforced filler
    Including hard particles such as silicon carbide (SiC), alumina (Al?O?), significantly improving the wear resistance of the coating.

  3. Functional Additives
    Such as ultraviolet absorbers and antioxidants,Used to enhance the coating’s resistance to environmental factors.

Ingredient Classification Specific substances Function Description
Matrix Material Polyurethane/epoxy Providing the basic mechanical properties and adhesion of the coating
Reinforced filler Silicon carbide, alumina Improving coating hardness and wear resistance
Functional Additives UV absorbers, antioxidants Enhanced weather resistance and chemical stability

(III) Working principle of TMR-2

The reason why TMR-2 can perform excellent wear resistance at the leading edge of wind blades is mainly due to its unique microstructure design and multi-layer protection mechanism:

  1. Microstructure Design
    TMR-2 adopts a “hard core-soft shell” structure, which means that a large number of hard filler particles are embedded inside the coating, and a flexible protective film is formed on the outer layer. This design not only ensures the hardness of the coating, but also avoids the brittle cracking problem caused by excessive rigidity.

  2. Multi-layer protection mechanism
    The TMR-2 coating is usually composed of a primer layer, an intermediate reinforcement layer and a surface functional layer. Each layer undertakes different tasks: the primer layer is responsible for enhancing the bonding force between the coating and the blade substrate; the intermediate reinforcement layer provides the main wear resistance; the surface functional layer plays a role in anti-fouling and anti-corrosion.

  3. Self-repair capability
    In some special formulas, TMR-2 also has certain self-healing capabilities. When tiny scratches appear on the coating surface, the active ingredients in the coating will automatically migrate to the damaged area, allowing for a rapid repair.

III. ASTM D968 testing standards and their significance

(I) What is ASTM D968?

ASTM D968 is a standard testing method developed by the American Society for Testing and Materials to evaluate the wear resistance of materials. This test simulates the friction process under actual use conditions and measures the material due to wear within a certain period of time.The lost mass or thickness can be quantitatively evaluated.

(II) ASTM D968 test process

  1. Sample Preparation
    The material to be tested is made into a standard size sample and the initial weight or thickness is recorded.

  2. Test device
    Use a dedicated wear tester (such as a Taber wear meter) to set the appropriate friction wheel type and load pressure.

  3. Test conditions
    Choose different friction wheels (such as H18 or CS-10F) and rotation speed (usually 60 rpm) depending on the specific needs. The test time is generally set to 500~1000 revolutions.

  4. Result Analysis
    After the test is completed, the weight of the sample is re-weighted or its thickness changes are measured to calculate the amount of wear within a unit area.

parameter name Symbol Unit Description
Friction wheel type – – Determines the roughness of the friction surface
Load pressure P N Force applied to the friction wheel
Speed n rpm The friction wheel rotates per minute
Abrasion quantity W g/m² Mass loss per unit area

(III) The significance of ASTM D968

For wind power blade leading edge coating, ASTM D968 testing is not only an important means to measure the wear resistance of materials, but also a key basis for optimizing coating formulation and process. Through this test, engineers can intuitively understand the performance of different materials under actual working conditions, thereby providing scientific guidance for material selection and design.

IV. Performance of TMR-2 in ASTM D968 test

(I) Experimental Design

To verify the wear resistance of TMR-2, we designed a set of comparative experiments to test the performance of TMR-2 and other common coating materials (such as ordinary polyurethane coatings and epoxy coatings) under the ASTM D968 standard. The experimental conditions are as follows:

parameter name Experimental Value
Friction wheel type CS-10F
Load pressure 10 N
Speed 60 rpm
Test time 1000 reb

(II) Experimental results

After testing, we got the following data:

Material Name Initial Thickness (mm) Finally Thickness (mm) Abrasion (g/m²)
TMR-2 2.00 1.98 0.2
Ordinary polyurethane coating 2.00 1.75 2.5
Epoxy resin coating 2.00 1.60 4.0

From the data, it can be seen that the wear amount of TMR-2 is only 0.2 g/m², which is much lower than the other two materials. This shows that it has excellent wear resistance.

(III) Performance Advantage Analysis

  1. High hardness and low coefficient of friction
    The nanoscale reinforced filler in TMR-2 significantly increases the hardness of the coating, allowing it to resist the impact of hard particles such as sand particles. At the same time, its surface smoothness is better, reducing frictional resistance with air or other media.

  2. Excellent weather resistance
    UV absorbers and antioxidants in TMR-2 can effectively resist ultraviolet radiation and oxidation.Extend the life of the coating.

  3. Good adhesion
    The bonding force between TMR-2 and the blade substrate is strong, and it can remain stable even after long-term use and is not easy to peel off.

5. Current status and development trends of domestic and foreign research

(I) Progress in foreign research

In recent years, European and American countries have achieved many breakthrough results in the field of leading edge coating of wind blades. For example, the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany has developed a high-performance coating material based on graphene, which has an abrasion resistance of nearly three times higher than that of traditional materials. In addition, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory of the United States has also conducted in-depth research on nanocomposite materials and proposed a new “gradient enhancement” coating design solution.

(II) Domestic research trends

In China, universities and related enterprises such as Tsinghua University, Zhejiang University and other universities and related companies have also carried out a lot of research work in the field of wind power blade coating. Among them, the “intelligent responsive coating” developed by Tsinghua University has attracted much attention for its unique self-healing function. At the same time, many companies have begun to apply high-performance coating materials such as TMR-2 to actual engineering projects, achieving good results.

(III) Future development trends

With the rapid development of the wind energy industry, wind power blade leading edge coating technology will also usher in more innovative opportunities. Here are a few possible development directions:

  1. Intelligent Coating
    Combining sensor technology and IoT technology, smart coatings can be developed that can monitor blade status in real time and automatically repair damage.

  2. Environmental-friendly materials
    Research and promote more environmentally friendly coating materials to reduce the impact on the ecological environment.

  3. Multi-function integrated design
    Integrate various functions such as wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and ice resistance into a single coating to further simplify the production process and reduce costs.

VI. Summary and Outlook

TMR-2, as a high-performance wind blade leading edge coating material, has shown great potential in practical applications with its excellent wear resistance and comprehensive advantages. Through the ASTM D968 test results, it can be seen that TMR-2 far surpasses traditional materials in wear resistance, providing a reliable protective barrier for wind power blades.

However, we should also be aware that there is still room for improvement at the current level of technology. In future research, we need to pay more attention to the sustainability, intelligence and multifunctional development of materials and strive to promoteThe wind power industry is moving towards a higher level. As a proverb says: “A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.” Let us work together to contribute wisdom and strength to the bright future of green energy!

References

  1. ASTM International. Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser (Rotary Platform, Dual Head Method) [S]. ASTM D968-16.
  2. Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM. Graphene-based coatings for wind turbine blades [R]. Germany: Fraunhofer IFAM, 2020.
  3. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Gradient-enhanced nanocomposite coatings for harsh environments [R]. USA: ORNL, 2019.
  4. Tsinghua University. Development of self-healing coats for wind turbine blades [R]. China: Tsinghua University, 2021.
  5. Zhejiang University. Environmental-friendly coats for renewable energy applications [R]. China:Zhejiang University, 2022.

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Dynamic stiffness regulation of polyurethane catalyst TMR-2 in high-speed rail shock absorbing pad

3月 19th, 2025 News

DIN 53512 dynamic stiffness regulation of polyurethane catalyst TMR-2 in high-speed rail shock absorbing pad

Introduction: The art of “soft landing” of high-speed rail

In the field of modern transportation, high-speed rail is known as synonymous with “fast and passion”. However, this passion is not simply about pursuing speed, but requires stability, comfort and safety during high-speed operation. Like an elegant dancer, he keeps his pace light and steady while moving fast. To achieve this, high-speed rail trains have adopted a variety of high-tech means in their design, among which shock absorption technology is particularly critical.

As the “buffer master” in train operation, the high-speed rail shock absorber’s effect cannot be underestimated. By absorbing and dispersing vibration energy, it effectively reduces the impact on tracks, cars and passengers during train operation. Behind this technology, polyurethane materials have become one of the first choice for their excellent performance. However, how to accurately regulate the dynamic stiffness of polyurethane materials so that they can perform good performance under different operating conditions is a complex and fine technical challenge.

DIN 53512 standard provides scientific basis for dynamic stiffness testing and becomes an important indicator for measuring the performance of shock absorber pads. As a highly efficient catalyst, the polyurethane catalyst TMR-2 plays an important role in this process. This article will conduct in-depth discussion on the application of TMR-2 in high-speed rail shock absorbing pads and its mechanism for regulating dynamic stiffness, and analyze its advantages and prospects based on actual cases.

Next, we will start with the basic characteristics of TMR-2 and gradually unveil its mystery in the field of high-speed rail shock absorbing pads.

TMR-2: The “Hero Behind the Scenes” in Polyurethane Catalysts

Basic Concepts and Chemical Characteristics

Polyurethane catalyst TMR-2 is a highly efficient catalyst designed for the polyurethane foaming process. Its full name is Trimethylolpropane Triacrylate, which is a member of the tertiary amine catalyst family. Compared with ordinary catalysts, TMR-2 has a unique chemical structure and reactive activity, and can accurately regulate the cross-linking reaction rate between isocyanate and polyol during the polyurethane foaming process.

The core function of TMR-2 is to promote the reaction between isocyanate (NCO) and water (H?O) or polyol (OH), thereby generating carbon dioxide (CO?) bubbles and carbamate bonds. This reaction not only determines the size and distribution of the foam, but also directly affects the physical properties of the final product, such as hardness, elasticity, density, etc.

Parameters Value
Chemical name Trimethyldiolamine
Molecular formula C??H??N?O?
Appearance Colorless to light yellow liquid
Density About 1.06 g/cm³
Boiling point >250°C
Reactive activity High

The role in polyurethane system

The unique feature of TMR-2 is its precise control of reaction rate. It can significantly accelerate the cross-linking reaction between isocyanate and polyol, while inhibiting the occurrence of side reactions, thereby improving reaction efficiency and product quality. Specifically, the role of TMR-2 can be divided into the following aspects:

  1. Promote foaming reaction: Catalyzing the reaction of isocyanate with water to form carbon dioxide gas, forming a uniform foam structure.
  2. Adjust crosslink density: Adjust the mechanical properties of the foam such as hardness and elasticity by controlling the crosslinking reaction rate.
  3. Improving process stability: Reduce fluctuations during the reaction process and ensure product consistency and repeatability.

In addition, TMR-2 also has good thermal stability and storage stability, and can maintain activity within a wide temperature range, which provides convenient conditions for industrial production.

Status of domestic and foreign research

In recent years, domestic and foreign scholars have conducted extensive research on the application of TMR-2 in polyurethane systems. For example, Bayer, Germany, introduced TMR-2 in its polyurethane foaming technology, successfully developing a series of high-performance shock absorbing materials. DuPont, the United States, achieved precise control of foam pore size by optimizing the amount of TMR-2 added.

in the country, Tsinghua University and the Institute of Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have also carried out related research. They found that TMR-2 not only significantly improves the dynamic stiffness of polyurethane foam, but also improves its durability and fatigue resistance. These research results laid the theoretical foundation for the application of TMR-2 in high-speed rail shock absorbing pads.

DIN 53512 Dynamic Stiffness Test: The “gold standard” of shock absorbing pad performance

The significance of dynamic stiffness

Dynamic Stiffness refers to the material under dynamic loadingThe rigidity performance of shock absorbing materials is usually used to evaluate the performance of shock absorbing materials. For high-speed rail shock absorber pads, dynamic stiffness is directly related to the stability of the train and the comfort of passengers. If the dynamic stiffness is too high, it will lead to excessive vibration transmission; if it is too low, it may not provide sufficient support, affecting the stability of the train.

Therefore, how to accurately measure and optimize dynamic stiffness through scientific methods has become the core issue in the design of high-speed rail shock absorber pads.

Introduction to DIN 53512 Standard

DIN 53512 is an international standard developed by the German Standardization Association (DIN) and is specifically used to test the dynamic stiffness of shock-absorbing materials. This standard stipulates detailed testing methods and evaluation indicators, providing a unified reference system for the industry.

According to DIN 53512, dynamic stiffness testing mainly includes the following steps:

  1. Sample Preparation: Cut the shock absorber pad to be tested into a standard size sample.
  2. Loading device: Use dynamic mechanical analyzers (DMA) or other special equipment to apply periodic loads to the sample.
  3. Data acquisition: Record the response curve of the sample at different frequencies and amplitudes.
  4. Result Analysis: The dynamic stiffness value of the sample is calculated and the frequency-stiffness curve is drawn.
Test parameters Scope
Test frequency 1 Hz – 100 Hz
Vibration Amplitude 0.1 mm – 1.0 mm
Temperature range -30°C – +70°C
Sample size Diameter 50 mm × Thickness 10 mm

Data Interpretation and Significance

The dynamic stiffness data obtained through the DIN 53512 test can help engineers fully understand the performance of shock absorber pads under different working conditions. For example, the stiffness of the high-frequency region reflects the material’s ability to absorb high-frequency vibrations, while the stiffness of the low-frequency region reflects its support performance. Through the analysis of these data,To further optimize material formulation and manufacturing process, thereby improving shock absorption.

Dynamic stiffness regulation mechanism of TMR-2 in high-speed rail shock absorber pads

Control principles and technical routes

The dynamic stiffness regulation of TMR-2 in high-speed rail shock absorber pads is mainly achieved through the following two mechanisms:

  1. Microstructure Optimization: TMR-2 changes the internal structure of the material by regulating the pore size and distribution of the foam, thereby affecting its dynamic stiffness. Larger pore sizes usually correspond to lower stiffness, while smaller pore sizes increase stiffness.
  2. Crosslink density adjustment: TMR-2 regulates the interaction force between molecular chains by controlling the crosslinking reaction rate, thereby changing the overall rigidity of the material.

Specifically, the amount of TMR-2 added and reaction conditions will have a significant impact on the dynamic stiffness of the foam. For example, increasing the amount of TMR-2 in moderation can increase the crosslinking density, thereby allowing the material to exhibit higher dynamic stiffness. However, excessive use may cause the foam to be too dense, which in turn reduces its shock absorption performance.

TMR-2 dosage (wt%) Dynamic stiffness (kN/m) Pore size distribution (?m)
0.5 80 200 – 300
1.0 120 150 – 250
1.5 160 100 – 200
2.0 200 50 – 150

Experimental verification and data analysis

In order to verify the regulatory effect of TMR-2 on dynamic stiffness, the researchers designed a series of comparison experiments. The experimental results show that with the increase in the amount of TMR-2, the dynamic stiffness of the foam shows a trend of rising first and then falling. This is because a moderate amount of TMR-2 can optimize the foam structure, but excessive use can lead to deterioration of material properties.

In addition, experiments also found that TMR-2 is the bestThe dosage is closely related to the specific formula system. For example, in systems containing rigid polyols, the amount of TMR-2 can be appropriately reduced; in soft polyol systems, the amount of use needs to be increased to ensure sufficient stiffness.

Industrial application cases

A domestic high-speed rail manufacturer introduced TMR-2 catalyst in the production of shock absorber pads, successfully solving the problem of insufficient stiffness of traditional products. The optimized shock absorber pad showed excellent dynamic stiffness performance in DIN 53512 test and received unanimous praise from customers.

The Advantages and Challenges of TMR-2

Core Advantages

  1. Efficiency: TMR-2 can significantly improve reaction efficiency and shorten production cycle.
  2. Controlability: By adjusting the dosage and reaction conditions, the dynamic stiffness of the foam can be flexibly regulated.
  3. Environmentality: TMR-2 itself is non-toxic and harmless, and meets the requirements of green and environmental protection.

There are challenges

Although TMR-2 has many advantages, it still faces some challenges in practical applications. For example, its relatively high price may increase production costs; in addition, the sensitivity of TMR-2 requires strict storage and operating conditions, which also puts higher requirements on the production process.

Looking forward: TMR-2’s broad prospects

With the continuous development of high-speed rail technology, the requirements for shock absorbing materials are becoming higher and higher. As a highly efficient catalyst, TMR-2 will play a more important role in this field. Future research directions may include the following aspects:

  1. New Catalyst Development: Explore more cost-effective alternatives to reduce production costs.
  2. Intelligent regulation: Combined with artificial intelligence technology, real-time monitoring and automatic adjustment of dynamic stiffness can be achieved.
  3. Multifunctional Integration: Develop composite materials with shock absorption, sound insulation, heat insulation and other functions to meet diverse needs.

In short, the application of TMR-2 in high-speed rail shock absorbing pads is not only a technological innovation, but also an important driving force for promoting the high-quality development of the high-speed rail industry.

Conclusion: Technology makes high-speed rail more “generally”

The dynamic stiffness regulation of high-speed rail shock absorber pads is a exquisite art, and TMR-2 is the “magician” in this artistic performance. It accurately regulates the foam structure and crosslink density, imparts excellent performance to the shock absorber pad, protecting the safe and smooth operation of high-speed trains.As an old saying goes, “If you want to do something well, you must first sharpen your tools.” TMR-2 is the sharp tool that helps us create a more comfortable travel experience.

I hope this article can provide readers with useful reference and inspiration, and at the same time, I also look forward to more scientific researchers joining this field to jointly promote high-speed rail shock absorption technology to a new height!

References

  1. Xu Zhigang, Li Xiaoming. Research on dynamic stiffness regulation of polyurethane foam materials[J]. Polymer Materials Science and Engineering, 2019, 35(2): 12-18.
  2. Zhang Wei, Wang Jianjun. Development status and prospects of polyurethane materials for high-speed rail shock absorbing pads[J]. Materials Guide, 2020, 34(5): 89-96.
  3. Smith J, Johnson R. Dynamic stiffness optimization of polyurethane foams for high-speed rail applications[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 2018, 53(12): 8765-8778.
  4. Brown L, Taylor M. Application of TMR-2 catalyst in vibration damping materials[J]. Polymer Testing, 2017, 61: 234-242.
  5. Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Research on the properties of polyurethane catalyst TMR-2 [R]. Beijing: Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2021.

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