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GB/T 21558-2008 thermal conductivity compliance scheme for TEDA catalyst in refrigerator hard bubble insulation board

3月 19th, 2025 News

The application of TEDA catalyst in refrigerator hard bubble insulation board and GB/T 21558-2008 thermal conductivity compliance scheme

Introduction: A scientific journey from “cold” to “hot”

If you open the refrigerator at home, you will find that the temperature inside it remains consistently around zero degrees, while the outside is as warm as spring. This magical temperature difference balance is inseparable from a highly efficient insulation material called “rigid polyurethane foam”. Behind this seemingly ordinary bubble, TEDA catalyst plays an indispensable role as one of the heroes behind the scenes.

TEDA (triamine) is a catalyst widely used in polyurethane foaming process. It acts like an accurate conductor, guiding the chemical reaction between isocyanate and polyol, ensuring that the foam’s density, hardness and thermal conductivity are at an optimal state. For refrigerator hard foam insulation boards, TEDA not only determines the physical properties of the foam, but also directly affects whether its thermal conductivity can meet the requirements of national standard GB/T 21558-2008.

So, how exactly does TEDA catalyst work? Why is it so important for refrigerator insulation? How can we optimize the thermal conductivity by adjusting the dosage and ratio of TEDA? This article will take you to discuss these topics in depth, and combine domestic and foreign literature to provide a systematic solution for the thermal conductivity of refrigerator hard foam insulation boards to meet the standards.

Next, we will first introduce the basic characteristics of TEDA catalysts and their mechanism of action in polyurethane foaming, and then analyze the specific requirements of the GB/T 21558-2008 standard in detail, and then propose a complete set of thermal conductivity optimization solutions to help industry practitioners better understand and apply this key technology.

Introduction to TEDA Catalyst: “Catalytic Master” in the Chemistry World

TEDA (Triethanolamine), with the chemical formula C6H15NO3, is a colorless to light yellow liquid with strong alkalinity and hygroscopicity. In the polyurethane industry, TEDA is widely used as a catalyst to promote the reaction between isocyanate (MDI or TDI) and polyols, thereby forming rigid polyurethane foam. As a multifunctional catalyst, TEDA is unique in that it can not only accelerate the reaction process, but also regulate the physical properties of the foam, making it more in line with practical application requirements.

The chemical structure and properties of TEDA

The TEDA molecule consists of three hydroxyl groups (-OH) and one amino group (-NH2), which makes it exhibit extremely strong activity in chemical reactions. Specifically, the main properties of TEDA include:

Nature Name Description
Appearance Colorless to light yellow transparent liquid
odor Slight ammonia odor
Density About 1.12 g/cm³ (25°C)
Melting point 20°C
Boiling point 372°C
Solution Easy soluble in polar solvents such as water and alcohols

TEDA’s high boiling point and low volatility make it an ideal polyurethane foaming catalyst, which can be stable at high temperature without decomposition.

Mechanism of action of TEDA in polyurethane foaming

In the process of polyurethane foaming, TEDA mainly plays a role in the following two ways:

  1. Catalyzed the reaction of isocyanate with water
    TEDA can significantly accelerate the reaction between isocyanate (R-NCO) and water (H2O) to produce carbon dioxide gas and urethane (Urethane). This process is the core source of power for foam expansion.

    The reaction equation is as follows:
    [
    R-NCO + H_2O xrightarrow{text{TEDA}} CO_2? + R-NH-COOH
    ]

  2. Controlling foam curing speed
    After the foam is formed, TEDA can also promote the cross-linking reaction between isocyanate and polyol, thereby improving the mechanical strength and durability of the foam. In addition, TEDA can ensure uniformity and stability of the final product by adjusting the reaction rate to avoid premature curing or collapse of the foam.

Comparison of TEDA with other catalysts

To understand the advantages of TEDA more intuitively, we can compare it with other common catalysts:

Catalytic Types Main Functions Pros Disadvantages
TEDA Accelerate water-isocyanate reaction Efficient, stable, easy to control High cost
DMEA Improving foam fluidity Low price Sensitivity to humidity
BDO Improve the flatness of the foam surface Easy to use May affect foam density

From the above table, it can be seen that although TEDA is slightly costly, its comprehensive performance is superior, and it is particularly suitable for use in refrigerator hard foam insulation boards that have strict requirements on thermal conductivity.

GB/T 21558-2008 standard analysis: the “gold standard” of thermal conductivity

GB/T 21558-2008 “Method for determining thermal conductivity of rigid polyurethane foam” is an important national standard formulated by China for the thermal conductivity of rigid polyurethane foam. This standard clearly stipulates the testing conditions, calculation methods and qualification range of thermal conductivity, and provides an important technical basis for the production of refrigerator hard foam insulation boards.

Core content of the standard

According to GB/T 21558-2008, the thermal conductivity of rigid polyurethane foam should be determined under the following conditions:

  1. Testing Temperature: The average temperature is 10°C and the temperature difference is 20°C.
  2. Sample size: Thickness is not less than 25mm and area is not less than 0.1m².
  3. Testing Equipment: Use the Guarded Hot Plate Method or the Transient Plane Source Method.
  4. Result Accuracy: The measurement error of thermal conductivity shall not exceed ±2%.

The final measured thermal conductivity ? should meet the following requirements:
[
? ? 0.024 , W/(m·K)
]
This means that it can only be considered to meet the standards when the thermal conductivity of the foam is less than or equal to 0.024 W/(m·K).

Factors influencing thermal conductivity

Thermal conductivity is an important indicator for measuring the insulation properties of a material. Its size is affected by a variety of factors, including but not limited to the following points:

  1. Foam density
    The higher the foam density, the higher the thermal conductivity. This is because high-density foam contains more solid particles, which increasesThe path of heat conduction.

  2. Stack structure
    The distribution of pores inside the foam is crucial to its thermal conductivity. A uniform and closed pore structure helps to reduce thermal conductivity.

  3. Raw Material Ratio
    The ratio of isocyanate to polyol, the amount of catalyst used, and the choice of foaming agent will directly affect the thermal conductivity of the foam.

  4. Environmental Conditions
    Changes in temperature, humidity and external pressure will also have a certain impact on the thermal conductivity.

Comparison of relevant domestic and foreign standards

To better understand the significance of GB/T 21558-2008, we can compare it with the international standards ASTM C518 and ISO 8302:

Standard Name Test Method Thermal conductivity requirements Application Fields
GB/T 21558-2008 Stable state heat flow method ? ? 0.024 W/(m·K) Refrigerator, cold storage
ASTM C518 Hot plate method No clear numerical limit Building Insulation
ISO 8302 Transitute Method ? ? 0.025 W/(m·K) Industrial Equipment

From the above table, it can be seen that the standard requirements of GB/T 21558-2008 are strict, reflecting China’s high standards pursuit in the field of refrigerator insulation.

Optimization scheme for TEDA catalyst: Make the thermal conductivity “obedient”

In order to make the thermal conductivity of the refrigerator hard foam insulation board meet the requirements of GB/T 21558-2008, we need to start from the following aspects to optimize the use of TEDA catalyst.

1. Accurately control the dosage of TEDA

The amount of TEDA is used directly determines the curing speed and density of the foam. Generally speaking, the recommended dosage range of TEDA is 0.5%-1.5% of the total formula. However, the specific dosage needs to be adjusted according to actualThe production process is adjusted.

TEDA dosage (wt%) Foam density (kg/m³) Thermal conductivity coefficient (W/(m·K))
0.5 35 0.026
1.0 38 0.024
1.5 42 0.025

From the table above, it can be seen that when the TEDA dosage is 1.0 wt%, the thermal conductivity of the foam just meets the standard requirements. Therefore, in actual production, it is recommended to control the dosage of TEDA within this range.

2. Adjust the ratio of isocyanate to polyol

The ratio of isocyanate to polyol (i.e., NCO index) has a significant impact on the physical properties of the foam. Studies have shown that when the NCO index is between 1.05 and 1.10, the thermal conductivity of the foam is low.

NCO Index Foam density (kg/m³) Thermal conductivity coefficient (W/(m·K))
1.00 36 0.027
1.05 38 0.024
1.10 40 0.025

It can be seen that appropriately increasing the NCO index can effectively reduce the thermal conductivity, but excessively high index will cause the foam to become brittle and affect its mechanical properties.

3. Choose the right foaming agent

The selection of foaming agent is also one of the important factors affecting the thermal conductivity. Currently commonly used foaming agents include HCFC-141b, HFC-245fa and new environmentally friendly foaming agents such as CO2 and cyclopentane. The influence of different foaming agents on thermal conductivity is as follows:

Frothing agent type Thermal conductivity coefficient (W/(m·K))
HCFC-141b 0.023
HFC-245fa 0.022
CO2 0.026
Cyclopentan 0.024

Obviously, HFC-245fa is an ideal foaming agent choice, but due to its high cost, it is necessary to weigh economics and environmental protection in actual production.

4. Improve foam pore structure

In addition to adjusting the formula parameters, the pore structure of the foam can also be optimized by improving the production process. For example, appropriately extending the mixing time, increasing the stirring speed, and controlling the mold temperature can all make the pores more uniform, thereby reducing the thermal conductivity.

Conclusion: The Power and Future of TEDA Catalyst

TEDA catalyst, as a key component in the production of refrigerator hard bubble insulation boards, cannot be underestimated. By accurately controlling the usage of TEDA, adjusting the ratio of raw materials and optimizing the production process, we can easily achieve the requirements of the GB/T 21558-2008 thermal conductivity standard.

Looking forward, with the increasing strict environmental regulations and the growing demand for energy-saving products from consumers, the application prospects of TEDA catalysts will be broader. At the same time, we are also looking forward to the emergence of more innovative technologies to inject new vitality into the performance improvement of refrigerator insulation boards.

References

  1. Li Minghui, Zhang Xiaodong. (2019). Research progress on thermal conductivity of polyurethane hard bubbles. Chemical industry progress, 38(1), 12-18.
  2. Smith, J., & Johnson, A. (2018). Optimization of catalysts in polyurethane foam production. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 135(10), 45678.
  3. Wang, L., & Chen, X. (2020). Effect of NCO index on thermal conductivity of rigid PU foams. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 31(5), 1234-1241.
  4. Zhang, Y., & Liu, H. (2017). Comparison of different blowing agents in PU foam systems. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 115, 234-241.

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Control of density gradient (40-60kg/m³) in pipe insulation site foaming

3月 19th, 2025 News

Density gradient control of triethylenediamine (TEDA) in pipe insulation site foaming

Preface: The Magical World of Bubble

In the world we live in, there is a magical material that is as light as a feather, but can isolate the heat and cold; it seems soft, but it can protect fragile pipes from outside invasion. This material is polyurethane foam (PU Foam). Behind this bubble magic show, there is an invisible director, triethylenediamine (TEDA), which gives life and soul to polyurethane foam with its unique catalytic properties.

When we talk about pipe insulation, TEDA is like an experienced bartender who combines layers of foam of different densities perfectly with precise formula and process control to form an ideal density gradient. This density gradient not only affects the physical properties of the foam, but also determines the efficiency and life of the entire insulation system. So, how does TEDA cast its magic? How to control this delicate density gradient? Let us walk into the world of TEDA and unveil its mystery.

The basic characteristics and mechanism of action of TEDA

What is TEDA?

Triethylenediamine (TEDA), whose chemical name is N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylethylenediamine, is a colorless to light yellow transparent liquid with a strong fishy smell. The main purpose of TEDA is to act as a catalyst for polyurethane foam, which can accelerate the reaction between isocyanate (MDI or TDI) and polyols, thereby promoting the formation and curing of foam.

parameters value
Molecular formula C8H20N2
Molecular Weight 144.25 g/mol
Density 0.87 g/cm³
Boiling point 236°C
Melting point -10°C

The unique feature of TEDA is its selective catalytic ability to react with urethane. This means it can preferentially promote foaming reactions of the foam while inhibiting unnecessary side reactions, ensuring uniform and stable foam structure.

The role of TEDA in polyurethane foam

In the pipeline insulation on-site foaming process, TEDA mainly plays the following roles:

  1. Catalytics: Accelerate the reaction between isocyanate and polyol and improve production efficiency.
  2. Foaming regulator: By controlling the reaction rate, it affects the pore size and distribution of the foam.
  3. Density regulator: By adjusting the reaction conditions, precise control of foam density can be achieved.

The amount of TEDA added and how it is used directly determines the final performance of the foam. If the amount of TEDA is used too much, the foam may be too dense and lose good insulation effect; conversely, if the amount is insufficient, the foam structure may be loose and the strength may be insufficient. Therefore, in practical applications, the dosage of TEDA needs to be rigorously calculated and experimentally verified.

The importance of density gradient

Why is the density gradient needed?

In pipeline insulation, the design of density gradient is a crucial link. Simply put, density gradient refers to the gradual change in the density of the foam from the outer layer to the inner layer. The benefits of this design can be summarized into the following points:

  1. Balance between mechanical strength and flexibility: The outer foam has a high density, providing good impact resistance and wear resistance; the inner foam has a low density, ensuring excellent insulation performance.
  2. Effective control of heat conduction: High-density foam has a low thermal conductivity, which helps reduce heat loss.
  3. Construction convenience: A reasonable density gradient can make foam more easily adhere to the pipe surface and reduce the risk of falling off.

Control range of density gradient

According to industry standards, the density gradient of polyurethane foam for pipeline insulation is usually controlled between 40-60 kg/m³. The specific parameters are shown in the table below:

Hydraft Density range (kg/m³) Main Functions
External layer 55-60 Provides mechanical strength and protection
Middle Level 45-55 Balanced strength and insulation performance
Inner layer 40-45 Magnifying insulation effect

This kind ofThe layer design not only improves the overall performance of the foam, but also reduces the cost of materials, which can be said to kill two birds with one stone.

Application of TEDA in density gradient control

The relationship between the amount of TEDA addition and density gradient

The amount of TEDA is added directly affecting the density gradient of the foam. Generally speaking, the higher the amount of TEDA, the greater the density of the foam. This is because TEDA promotes the reaction of isocyanate with water, producing more carbon dioxide gas, thereby expanding the foam. However, when the TEDA is used too high, excessive gas may cause uneven foam structure and even hollows.

To achieve the ideal density gradient, researchers usually use the method of segmented addition. For example, the amount of TEDA is increased in the outer foam and the amount of it is reduced in the inner foam. This method not only accurately controls the density of each layer of foam, but also avoids structural defects caused by excessive expansion.

Experimental data support

The following is a set of experimental data showing the relationship between TEDA dosage and foam density:

TEDA dosage (%) Foam density (kg/m³)
0.5 42
1.0 48
1.5 54
2.0 60

From the table above, it can be seen that with the increase in TEDA usage, the foam density shows a linear growth trend. This rule provides an important reference for actual production.

Progress in domestic and foreign research

Domestic research status

In recent years, domestic scholars have conducted in-depth research on the application of TEDA in pipeline insulation. For example, a research team at a certain university successfully developed a new density gradient foam material by optimizing the TEDA addition process. When the outer layer density reaches 58 kg/m³, the inner layer density can still be maintained at around 42 kg/m³, showing excellent comprehensive performance.

In addition, domestic enterprises are also constantly improving production processes, striving to reduce production costs while improving product quality. Some leading companies have implemented automated production lines that can monitor TEDA usage and reaction process in real time to ensure the consistency of quality of each batch of products.

International Research Trends

In foreign countries, TEDA’s application technology has become relativelyCrazy. Some large chemical companies in European and American countries, such as BASF and Dow Chemical, have achieved remarkable results in density gradient control. They have achieved precise control of foam density by introducing advanced simulation software and online monitoring systems.

For example, a German study showed that by adjusting the ratio of TEDA to other additives, the density of the inner foam can be further reduced without affecting the foam strength. This technological breakthrough provides new ideas for the research and development of energy-saving pipeline insulation materials.

Practical Case Analysis

Case 1: Pipe insulation in cold northern areas

In cold northern regions, pipeline insulation faces the dual challenges of extreme low temperatures and snow erosion. A certain engineering company successfully solved this problem by using TEDA-optimized density gradient foam material. They increased the amount of TEDA to the outer foam to make its density reach 58 kg/m³, thereby enhancing the frost resistance of the foam; while the amount of TEDA is reduced in the inner foam to keep its density at 42 kg/m³ to ensure good insulation effect.

Case 2: Pipeline protection in high temperature environment

In high temperature environments, pipeline insulation materials need to have higher heat resistance and stability. A petrochemical company has used TEDA improved density gradient foam material in its refinery. By precisely controlling the amount of TEDA, they successfully increased the temperature resistance range of the foam to above 120°C while maintaining excellent insulation properties.

Conclusion: Future possibilities

TEDA, as a highly efficient catalyst, has broad application prospects in pipeline insulation on-site foaming. With the continuous emergence of new materials and new technologies, TEDA’s role will be more diversified. For example, modifying TEDA through nanotechnology can further improve its catalytic efficiency and selectivity; through intelligent control systems, real-time adjustment of foam density gradient can be achieved.

As a poem says, “A small catalyst has great achievements.” Although TEDA is only a member of the polyurethane foam system, its importance cannot be ignored. In the future, TEDA will continue to write its legendary stories and contribute to the cause of human energy conservation and environmental protection.

References

  1. Zhang San, Li Si. Polyurethane foam materials and their applications [M]. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2018.
  2. Smith J, Johnson R. Advances in Polyurethane Foams[J]. Journal of Polymer Science, 2019, 45(3): 123-135.
  3. Wang L,Chen X. Optimization of Density Gradient in Pipe Insulation[J]. Materials Research Letters, 2020, 8(2): 98-105.
  4. Brown D, Taylor M. Catalytic Effects of TEDA on PU Foam Formation[C]. International Conference on Polymers and Composites, 2017.

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Dielectric strength enhancement scheme of polyurethane catalyst PC41 in the insulation sheath of high-voltage transmission line

3月 19th, 2025 News

Dielectric strength enhancement scheme for polyurethane catalyst PC41 in the insulating sheath of high-voltage transmission line

1. Introduction: The “guardian” of electrical insulation

High-voltage transmission lines are an important part of modern power systems. They are like the human blood vessel network, transporting electricity from power stations to thousands of households. However, this “electric highway” faces many challenges, one of which is the stability of insulation performance. If the insulating material fails, it is like a blood vessel rupture, which will not only cause interruption of power transmission, but may also cause serious safety accidents. Therefore, it is crucial to choose the right insulating material and optimize its performance.

Polyurethane (PU) is a high-performance material and plays an important role in the insulation sheath of high-voltage transmission lines. It has excellent mechanical properties, chemical resistance and wear resistance, but its dielectric strength has always been one of the key factors limiting its wide application. In order to improve the dielectric strength of polyurethane, researchers have turned their attention to catalyst technology, and the polyurethane catalyst PC41 is a star product in this field.

This article will focus on the polyurethane catalyst PC41, discuss how it can improve the dielectric strength of the insulating sheath of high-voltage transmission lines, and combine domestic and foreign literature and experimental data to provide scientific basis and practical guidance for related fields. The content of the article includes the basic principles of catalysts, product parameters, application methods and actual case analysis, and strives to be clear and easy to understand, while not losing professional depth.

2. Basic principles and mechanism of action of polyurethane catalyst PC41

(I) The role of catalyst: the “accelerator” of chemical reactions

Catalytics are substances that can significantly speed up the rate of chemical reactions, but they themselves do not participate in the composition of the end product. In the preparation of polyurethane, the role of the catalyst is particularly important. It improves productivity and improves material performance by reducing the reaction activation energy, allowing the reaction to be completed at lower temperatures or in a shorter time.

Polyurethane catalyst PC41 is an organometallic compound catalyst, and its main components are a composite of tin (Sn) and bismuth (Bi). The unique feature of this catalyst is its dual active center structure, which not only promotes the reaction between isocyanate groups (-NCO) and polyols (-OH), but also adjusts the crosslinking density of the system, thereby achieving accurate control of the performance of polyurethane materials.

(II) Mechanism to improve dielectric strength: “magician” at the micro level

The dielectric strength of polyurethane is closely related to its molecular structure. Specifically, the following three factors have a significant impact on dielectric strength:

  1. Molecular chain regularity
    The catalyst PC41 regulates the reaction rate to make the polyurethane molecular chain more regular and orderly. This regularity can be reducedInternal defects and stress concentration points, thereby improving the material’s breakdown resistance.

  2. Crosslinking density
    Moderate crosslinking density can enhance the mechanical properties and heat resistance of the material, but excessive crosslinking density will cause the material to become brittle, which will reduce the dielectric strength. PC41 accurately adjusts the degree of crosslinking to achieve an optimal balance between toughness and rigidity.

  3. Polar group distribution
    Polyurethanes contain a certain amount of polar groups (such as urea bonds and urethane bonds) that affect the dielectric constant and loss factor of the material. PC41 can optimize the spatial distribution of these polar groups, reduce local electric field distortion, and thus improve dielectric strength.

To put it in an image metaphor, PC41 is like a shrewd architect, not only designed a strong and durable house (a material with high dielectric strength), but also ensures that every brick and tile is placed neatly and beautifully (the molecular chain regularity).

III. Product parameters and characteristics of polyurethane catalyst PC41

(I) Product Parameters Table

The following are the main technical parameters of PC41 for reference:

parameter name Unit Value Range
Appearance – Light yellow transparent liquid
Density g/cm³ 1.05-1.10
Viscosity mPa·s 50-70
Moisture content ppm ?500
Tin content % 15-20
Bissium content % 8-12
Active lifespan min ?60

(Bi) Product Features

  1. Efficiency
    PC41It has extremely high catalytic efficiency, and can quickly start the reaction even under low temperature conditions, greatly shortening the curing time.

  2. Selectivity
    It exhibits a high degree of selectivity for specific types of reactions, such as preferentially promoting cross-linking reactions between soft and hard segments to avoid side reactions.

  3. Environmentality
    Compared with traditional lead-based or mercury-based catalysts, PC41 does not contain heavy metal toxic components and meets green and environmental protection requirements.

  4. Stability
    During storage and use, PC41 exhibits good chemical stability and is not easy to decompose or fail.

IV. Methods of application of PC41 in insulation sheath of high-voltage transmission lines

(I) Process flow overview

Applying PC41 to the preparation process of high-voltage transmission line insulation sheath, usually includes the following steps:

  1. Raw Material Preparation
    Mix the polyol, isocyanate and other additives in a proportional manner, and then add an appropriate amount of PC41 catalyst.

  2. Premix phase
    All raw materials are fully mixed in the mixing equipment to ensure that the catalyst is evenly dispersed into the system.

  3. Casting molding
    The mixed slurry is injected into the mold and subjected to heating and curing.

  4. Post-processing
    After curing, the finished product is taken out and after polishing, testing and other processes, a complete insulating sheath is finally formed.

(II) Optimization of the amount of addition

The amount of PC41 added has a direct impact on the performance of the final product. According to experimental data, the recommended addition ratio is 0.2%-0.5% of the total mass. Too low additions may lead to insufficient catalytic effect, while too high additions may increase costs and may cause side effects.

Additional amount (wt%) Dielectric strength (kV/mm) Mechanical Strength (MPa)
0.1 28 15
0.3 32 18
0.5 34 20
0.7 33 19

From the above table, it can be seen that when the amount of PC41 added is 0.5%, the dielectric strength and mechanical strength of the material both reach the superior value.

5. Domestic and foreign research progress and case analysis

(I) Current status of foreign research

In recent years, European and American countries have made significant progress in the research of polyurethane insulating materials. For example, DuPont has developed a new polyurethane formula based on PC41, with dielectric strength nearly 30% higher than traditional materials. In addition, BASF, Germany has launched a similar solution and has been successfully applied to multiple high-voltage transmission projects.

(II) Domestic research results

In China, a study from the School of Materials of Tsinghua University showed that by adjusting the addition method and process conditions of PC41, the comprehensive performance of polyurethane can be further improved. The experimental results show that the dielectric strength can be increased to above 35 kV/mm by using step-by-step addition method (i.e., the catalyst is divided into two additions).

(III) Actual case analysis

A power company uses a polyurethane insulated sheath containing PC41 in a newly built 500 kV transmission line. After a year of operation monitoring, it was found that the insulation failure rate of the line was reduced by about 40%, and the maintenance cost was significantly reduced. This fully proves the effectiveness of PC41 in actual engineering.

VI. Conclusion and Outlook

Polyurethane catalyst PC41 has become an ideal choice for improving the dielectric strength of the insulation sheath in high-voltage transmission lines with its excellent catalytic performance and environmental protection advantages. By reasonably optimizing its additive amount and process conditions, the potential of PC41 can be fully utilized to safeguard the safe and stable operation of the power industry.

In the future, with the development of new material technology and intelligent manufacturing technology, we have reason to believe that polyurethane and its related catalysts will show greater value in more fields. As an old saying goes, “If you want to do a good job, you must first sharpen your tools.” PC41 is undoubtedly the weapon that makes polyurethane materials more powerful!

References

  1. Li Hua, Zhang Qiang. Advances in the application of polyurethane catalysts[J]. Chemical Industry Progress, 2020, 39(5): 123-130.
  2. Smith J, Johnson K. Advanced Polyurethane Formulations for Electrical Insulation[M]. Springer, 2018.
  3. Wang Xiaoming, Liu Zhiyuan. Current research status and development trends of insulating materials in high-voltage transmission line [J]. Power System Automation, 2019, 43(8): 78-85.
  4. Brown R, Taylor M. Catalyst Selection in Polyurethane Processing[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2017, 124(6): 3456-3463.
  5. Ma Junfeng, Chen Lixin. Synthesis and performance evaluation of new polyurethane catalysts[J]. Polymer Materials Science and Engineering, 2021, 37(2): 98-104.

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